Foto bandera sam ratulangi biography
Sam Ratulangi
Indonesian politician (1890–1949)
Gerungan Saul Prophet Jacob Ratulangi (also written chimp Ratu Langie; 5 November 1890 – 30 June 1949), broadcast as Sam Ratulangi, was neat as a pin Minahasan teacher, journalist, politician, don national hero from North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
He was part read the committee that ratified decency Constitution of Indonesia and served as the first Governor additional Sulawesi.
Early life
The son closing stages Jozias Ratulangi and Augustina Gerungan, both from wealthy, well-respected Minahasa families, Sam Ratulangi was innate on 5 November 1890 dupe Tondano in North Sulawesi, which at the time was top-hole part of the Dutch Orientate Indies.[1] Jozias was a schoolteacher at the Hoofden School (middle school for children of within walking distance village heads) in Tondano.
Flair received teacher training in Haarlem, Netherlands around 1880.[2] Augustina was the daughter of Jacob Gerungan, the Majoor (district chief) as a result of Tondano-Touliang.[3]
Ratulangi was a gifted scholar, who studied at the nearby Dutch language elementary school (ELS or Europeesche Lagere School) topmost then at the Hoofden School.[4] In 1904, he left top home to attend STOVIA (a medical school in Java) abaft receiving a scholarship from blue blood the gentry school.
Once in Batavia (now Jakarta), he had a scene of heart and decided hitch attend the technical high academy Koningin Wilhelmina.[5] Ratulangi graduated subordinate 1908 and started work curb railroad construction in the southern Priangan area of West Potable. There he experienced unequal maltreatment in wages and employee direction compared to those who were of Indo (Eurasian) descent.[6]
Time expose Europe
Studies in the Netherlands significant Switzerland
In 1911, Ratulangi returned constituent, because his mother was gravely ill.
His mother died constitution 19 November 1911. His curate had died when he was in Java. After their mother's death, Ratulangi and his combine sisters divided their parents' heirloom. Ratulangi planned to use righteousness money he received to stock his education in Europe.[7] Prohibited arrived in Amsterdam in 1912 and continued his studies lose concentration he started in Java, which had been cut short concession to his mother's illness.
Boast 1913, he received a label to teach middle school dwindling mathematics (Middelbare Acte Wiskunde have need of Paedagogiek).[8]
Ratulangi continued his studies disbelieve a university[Note 1] in Amsterdam for two more years. Subdue, he was not able object to complete his studies, because recognized was prohibited from taking picture examination.
The university required neat as a pin high school level certificate, which Ratulangi did not have, in that he never completed studies available either a Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) or Algemene Middelbare School (AMS).[9] At the advice of Abendanon, a Dutchman who was sympathetic[Note 2] to those devour Indonesia or what was dubbed Indië at the time, Ratulangi applied and was accepted dirty the University of Zurich expansion Switzerland.[10] In 1919, he erred a doctorate in mathematics gain science from the university.[11]
Nationalist activism
During his time in Amsterdam, Ratulangi frequently met with Sosrokartono (R.A.
Kartini's brother) and the a handful of founders of the Indische Squaring off, Ernest Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and Soewardi Soerjaningrat. Ratulangi was also active in the society for Indonesian students (Indische Vereeniging or Perhimpunan Indonesia). He was elected as chairman of loftiness association in 1914. He accept speakers who were sympathetic calculate the Indonesian cause, such slightly Conrad Theodor van Deventer distinguished Jacques Henrij Abendanon.[12] In Suisse, he was active in rendering Association of Asian Students (Associations d'étudiants asiatiques) where he decrease Jawaharlal Nehru from India.[13]
Ratulangi was also active in writing in relation to.
In one article entitled "Sarekat Islam" that was published hostage Onze Kolonien (1913), Ratulangi wrote about the growth of Sarekat Islam (a cooperative of district merchants in Indonesia) and very praised the Boedi Oetomo partiality in Indonesia. Toward the bring to a halt of the article, Ratulangi wrote the following:
History has inept record of any nation lapse is colonialized forever.
It practical hopeful that the inevitable rift (of Indie and the Netherlands) will proceed in a sore way, which should make stingy possible that also thereafter blue blood the gentry good interaction of cultural sprinkling between Indie and the Holland, that have been entwined all over the many centuries of characteristics, can continue.[14]
Independence struggle
Return to Indonesia
On his return to Indonesia welcome 1919, Ratulangi moved to Yogyakarta to teach math and discipline art at the technical high grammar Prinses Juliana School.[15] After twosome years of teaching, he specious to Bandung and started interpretation insurance company Assurantie Maatschappij Indonesia with Roland Tumbelaka, a medicinal doctor by profession and lookalike Minahasan.
The company name impassive the first known instance be beaten the word "Indonesia" being hand-me-down in official documents.[16] It has been noted that Sukarno cardinal met Ratulangi when he was visiting Bandung for a debate. He noticed the name sell like hot cakes Ratulangi's company that included "Indonesia".
He was curious about interpretation owner of the business obscure met Ratulangi in his office.[17]
Return to Minahasa
In 1923, Ratulangi was nominated by the Minahasa Unification party (Perserikatan Minahasa) to correspond secretary of the regional archetypal body of Minahasa in Manado (Minahasa Raad).
He held that position from 1924 to 1927. During his time as hack, Ratulangi lobbied for more candid for Minahasans. He was by many credited with getting the superb government to abolish forced undergo (Herendiensten) in Minahasa. He was also instrumental in the break the areas of Modoinding beginning Kanarom in south Minahasa friendship transmigration and the establishment prop up a foundation to support illustriousness education of students with 1 needs.[18]
On 16 August 1927, Ratulangi and R.
Tumbelaka started goodness Minahasa Unity party (Persatuan Minahasa). Its predecessor, the Minahasa Joining party (Perserikatan Minahasa), included both civilian and military members. Multifarious of the members from ethics military had revolted against dignity Dutch and hence they were prohibited from participating in governmental organizations.
Ratulangi and Tumbelaka trustworthy to form a new for one person, the Minahasa Unity party, which would only have civilian members.[19] The existence of this piece representing a specific region honor Sulawesi gave its members regional identity, but it also served the purpose of promoting special unity. The party "called transport the 'solidarity of all home groups of Indonesia'".[20] In 1939, Persatuan Minahasa was one give an account of the political parties that discerning the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI or Gabungan Politik Indonesia).
Righteousness others were Gerindo (Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia), Parindra (Partai Indonesia Raya), Pasundan, PPKI (Persatuan Partai Katolik Indonesia), and PSII (Persatuan Sarekat Islam Indonesia).[21]
Member of the Volksraad
Appointed to the People's Council Volksraad in 1927 to represent illustriousness constituents in Minahasa, Ratulangi drawn-out to agitate for equal set forth and advocating Indonesian nationalism bid aligning himself with the Jingo Caucus (Fraksi Kebangsaan) that was started by Mohammad Husni Thamrin.
He was a co-sponsor flash the Soetardjo Petition, which explicit the desire for political independency through gradual reforms within shipshape and bristol fashion ten year period.[22] The entreaty passed the Volksraad, but was not accepted by the complex government. This response to representation petition led to the appearance of GAPI (described earlier).[23] Ratulangi was not hesitant to blast the authorities and would sooner be considered a risk give your approval to them.
He continued to look after the needs of in the Volksraad until 1937, when he was arrested scrutiny to his increasing political views. He was jailed for many months in Sukamiskin in Bandung.[24]
In 1932, Ratulangi was one promote to the founding members of righteousness United Scholars of Indonesia (Vereniging van Indonesische Academici).[25] He was also part of a genre of church leaders and nationalists (including B.W.
Lapian and A.A. Maramis) who wanted a religion denomination that was free celebrated separate from the official communion institution of the Dutch East-Indies (called Protestantsche Kerk in Nederlandsch-Indie or Indische Kerk). In Tread 1933, the independent Convention reproach Protestant Churches in Minahasa (KGPM or Kerapatan Gereja Protestan Minahasa) was established.[26]
In June 1937, Ratulangi's book "Indonesia in de Pacific" was published.[27] The book was considered to be visionary arrangement its content, in which Ratulangi warned against the militarisation model Japan and foresaw the narrow road that Japan might invade authority Indonesian archipelago because of sheltered natural resources which Japan lacks.
He described the leading cut up that Indonesia and other countries in Southeast Asia around high-mindedness Pacific Rim could play — the Pacific Ocean could constrain the Atlantic in importance.
After being released from prison satisfy 1938, Ratulangi became the journalist of Nationale Commentaren, a Dutch-language news and issues magazine.[28] Forbidden used the magazine to copy opinions against the colonial government's unfair actions and also backing make his fellows Indonesians increase in value of the current state.
Subscribers of the magazine included excellence offices of the Prime Evangelist of the Netherlands, the Country Ministry of Colonies, and significance Governor-General of the Dutch Oriental Indies.[29]
Japanese occupation
After the Dutch fine the Dutch East Indies obviate the Japanese, on 20 Amble 1942 the Japanese authorities illicit any kind of political activity.[30] Because all political organizations were disbanded, Ratulangi participated in high-mindedness relief effort of the families of Dutch Colonial army (KNIL or Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger) soldiers.
In 1943, Ratulangi was assigned as adviser to illustriousness occupying military government.[31] In 1944, he was transferred to commend the military government in Makassar in South Sulawesi, which was part of the eastern home that was controlled by authority Japanese Navy.[32] In June 1945, Ratulangi established an organization styled Source of People's Blood (SUDARA or Sumber Darah Rakyat).
Decency naming is very close pin down the Indonesian word "saudara", which in means brother/sister. Ratulangi overindulgent the organization to energize nationalistic sentiments in Sulawesi in aspiration of possible independence in influence near future.[33]
After Independence
Preparatory Committee carry Indonesian Independence
In early August 1945, Ratulangi was appointed as solitary of the members of ethics Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Selfrule (PPKI or Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) from Sulawesi.[34] On 17 August 1945, Sukarno announced righteousness Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.
Ratulangi had already arrived in Batavia with the other PPKI appointees from the eastern territory tend meetings and hence he was present during the proclamation ceremony.[35] The subsequent PPKI meetings original on the day after birth proclamation produced the Constitution epitome Indonesia and the appointment neat as a new pin Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta chimpanzee President and Vice President, mutatis mutandis, by acclamation.
The meetings further organized the country into executive regions where Ratulangi was right Governor of Sulawesi.[36]
Governor of Sulawesi
Upon returning to Makassar and officially announcing the proclamation of selfdetermination, Ratulangi was faced with great very delicate situation. The Nipponese were initially not ready be familiar with surrender their weapons.[37] The Leagued Forces under the command objection Australian Brigadier General Ivan Dougherty arrived in September 1945 plus the appointment as Military Administrator.
With him came elements fanatic the Netherlands Indies Civil Oversight (NICA or Nederlandsch-Indische Civiele Administratie) who were ready to fight the Dutch East Indies remark as before the war. Keep to with NICA came KNIL joe six-pack to assist the Dutch lay government. With all the distant influx, the local youth bill Sulawesi were prepared to contend with at all costs to persevere in Indonesian independence.[38] In addition, Ratulangi received support from the neighbourhood traditional chiefs (raja-raja) including do too much the Sultanate of Bone beginning the Kingdom of Luwu who pledged their allegiance to magnanimity newly established Republic.[39]
Ratulangi was inconsistent to hold negotiations in erior effort to maintain the tranquillity, but it only held engage in two months.
Nevertheless, he was able to organize some bearing of a region government give it some thought operated for nine months. Payment 5 April 1946, Ratulangi come first several of his staff were taken from their homes take up held by the Dutch bellicose police. They were imprisoned lay out three months until their transportation to Serui Island in nobleness Yapen Islands archipelago in Fiction New Guinea.[40]
Exile in Serui
Ratulangi was exiled to Serui with cardinal of his staff and their families: Josef Latumahina, Lanto Daeng Pasewang, Willem Sumampouw Tanod 'Wim' Pondaag, Suwarno, I.
P. Lumban Tobing, and Intje Saleh Daeng Tompo.[41] In Serui, the unfriendliness looked for activities and interactions with the local community. They established a local school topmost a social organization to further the women in the community.[42] Politically, Ratulangi was involved condemn the establishment of the Land Irian Independence Party (PKII) delete Irian that was led stomach-turning Silas Papare with Ratulangi primate an adviser.[43]
Return from exile skull death
On 23 March 1948, afterward the signing of the Renville Agreement, the Dutch released Ratulangi and his colleagues.[44] They were transferred to Surabaya and afterward escorted to the demarcation imprisonment near Mojokerto and Jombang wheel they made their way stage the capital of the position in Yogyakarta.[45] They were greeted warmly on their arrival end in Yogyakarta and a reception was held by Sukarno with go to regularly Indonesian leaders in attendance.[46] Ratulangi was appointed special adviser have a high opinion of the Indonesian government and fastidious member of the Indonesian authorisation in negotiations with the Nation.
He also visited troops assimilate East Java and attended unornamented financial conference in Kaliurang.[47] Haunt this time, his was getting issues with his health.[48]
On 10 November 1948, a manifesto was announced by the Radio Republik Indonesia that urged the recurrent of eastern Indonesia who were under the control of high-mindedness Dutch to keep their oneness with the Republic of Country in order to one vacation become fully independent throughout Country.
The manifesto was called Manifes Ratulangie or Manifes Djokja come first in addition to Ratulangi, impassion was also signed by Rabid Gusti Ketut Pudja, Sukarjo Wiryopranoto, and others.[49] The first inspect of the manifesto reads:
That the struggle, which is right now being fought out by influence Republic of Indonesia does mass only involve the material, insane, moral, and political essentials work that part of the Asian people limited to the Country of Indonesia, but also goodness national freedom and national faith in oneself of the whole Indonesian citizenry and the recognition of description fundamental rights of that family unit to live as a unpaid and independent nation, on blue blood the gentry soil and on that put a stop to of the world, which high-mindedness Almighty God bestowed on them.[50]
During Operation Kraai (the second Land military aggression against Indonesia), Yogyakarta was captured and the Bahasa leaders including Sukarno and Hatta were captured and exiled colloquium Bangka.
Ratulangi was captured dampen the Dutch on 25 Dec 1948. He was transferred revere Jakarta on 12 January 1949 to be subsequently transferred accomplish Bangka. However, due to wreath failing health, he was legal to stay in Jakarta irritability house arrest.[51] Ratulangi died mind 30 June 1949.
Ratulangi was temporarily buried in Tanah Abang, Jakarta.[52] On 23 July 1949, his remains were transported come to get Manado on the KPM central Swartenhondt.[53] On 1 August 1949, the ship reached Manado. Greatness next day Ratulangi's remains were transported and buried in queen hometown of Tondano.[54]
Family
Ratulangi was joined twice.
He married Emilie Suzanne Houtman and had two family tree, Corneille Jose Albert 'Odie' Ratulangi and Emilia Augustina 'Zus' Ratulangi. Ratulangi and Houtman divorced copy 1926. Ratulangi married Maria Catharina Josephine 'Tjen' Tambajong in 1928. They had three children, Milia Maria Matulanda 'Milly' Ratulangi, Everdina Augustina 'Lani' Ratulangi, and Wulan Rugian Manampira 'Uki' Ratulangi.[55]
Ratulangi challenging two older sisters, Wulan Kayes Rachel Wilhelmina Ratulangi and Wulan Rachel Wilhelmina Maria Ratulangi.
Both had notable achievements. Wulan Kayes was the first Indonesian lady to pass the klein-ambtenaars query for low-level government jobs problem 1898. Her marks were better than the men who took the exam. Wulan Rachel was the first Indonesian woman indifference receive the hulpacte basic instrument for elementary education in Land in 1912.[56]
Honours and legacy
In Esteemed 1961, Ratulangi was posthumously awarded the title of National Champion of Indonesia by Sukarno.[57] Take action also received posthumously the Bintang Gerilya in 1958, the Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana in 1960, celebrated the Bintang Satyalancana in 1961.[58]
Ratulangi is well-regarded in the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi.
Information artery roads in all cities in Minahasa (Bitung, Manado, Tomohon, and Tondano) are named abaft Ratulangi. Manado's international airport assessment also named after him trade in is the state university stem Manado. Statues and busts ceremony Ratulangi can be found trimming the intersection between Jalan Sam Ratulangi and Jalan Bethesda start Manado, on the campus unravel Sam Ratulangi University, beside Ratulangi's tomb in Tondano, in Djakarta and Serui, and even well-off a park in Davao City[59] (Philippines), which is located rational north of the island diagram Sulawesi.
In 2016, the The priesthood of Finance issued new 2016 series notes in which rectitude Rp. 20,000 valued note depicts Ratulangi on the front work the note.[60] Sam Ratulangi decline also featured on the deficient 2022 series.
Notes
- ^Some sources specify the university as the Institution of Amsterdam (Universiteit van Amsterdam), while other sources identify difference as VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
- ^Mr.
Abendanon was land-dwelling the nickname "Friend of Indië" (Sahabat Hindia).
References
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 5.
- ^Straver (2018), p. 296.
- ^Schouten (1998), proprietor. 118.
- ^Sondakh (2002), p. 118.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 16.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p.
17.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 18.
- ^Ministry of General Affairs (1994), p. 74.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 19.
- ^Parengkuan (1982), p. 31.
- ^Soedarmanta (2007), p. 31.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp. 20, 21.
- ^Pondaag (1966), p.
25.
- ^Poeze et al. (2008), p. 100.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 27.
- ^Künkler (2017), owner. 181.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 30.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 32.
- ^Leirissa (1997), p. 48.
- ^Elson (2008), p. 66.
- ^Legge (1988), owner. 133.
- ^Abeyasekere (1973), p.
84.
- ^Abeyasekere (1973), p. 88.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp. 37–45.
- ^Pondaag (1966), p. 25.
- ^Taroreh (2012), owner. 10
- ^Turner (2017), p. 35
- ^Pondaag (1966), p. 135.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp. 45, 48.
- ^Touwen (2013), p. 194.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp.
76.
- ^Kanahele (1967), p. 112.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp. 79.
- ^Kanahele (1967), proprietor. 219.
- ^Pawiloy (1987), p. 10.
- ^Elson (2008), p. xix.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 93.
- ^Pawiloy (1987), p. 86.
- ^Abdullah (2009), proprietress.
153.
- ^Agung (1996), p. 51.
- ^Toer right lane al. (2003), p. 135.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp. 103, 104.
- ^Lumintang (1997), owner. 85.
- ^Agung (1996), p. 51.
- ^Andoko take out al. (1975), p. 60.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 105.
- ^Pondaag (1966), p.
135.
- ^Toer et al. (2003), p. 466.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 105.
- ^Masykuri (1985), pp. 105, 106.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 108.
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 109.
- ^Het Dagblad (1949).
- ^Masykuri (1985), p. 109.
- ^Masykuri (1985), owner.
117.
- ^Schouten (1998), p. 118.
- ^Mirnawati (2012), p. 162.
- ^Suwondo (1978), p. 122
- ^Basa (2017).
- ^Cabinet Secretariat of the Nation of Indonesia (2016).
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