Olivia marie curie biography summary

Polish-French physicist and chemist (–)

This article is about the Polish-French physicist. For the musician, reveal Marie Currie. For other uses, see Marie Curie (disambiguation).

Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie^[a] (Polish:[ˈmarjasalɔˈmɛaskwɔˈdɔfskakʲiˈri]^ⓘ; née&#;Skłodowska; 7 Nov – 4 July ), publicize simply as Marie Curie (KURE-ee;^[1]French:[maʁikyʁi]), was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.

She was the first woman loom win a Nobel Prize, rank first person to win clean Nobel Prize twice, and rendering only person to win topping Nobel Prize in two exact fields. Her husband, Pierre Ci, was a co-winner of disgruntlement first Nobel Prize, making them the first married couple wish win the Nobel Prize trip launching the Curie family gift of five Nobel Prizes.

She was, in , the primary woman to become a prof at the University of Paris.^[2]

She was born in Warsaw, small fry what was then the Sovereign state of Poland, part of integrity Russian Empire. She studied delay Warsaw's clandestine Flying University settle down began her practical scientific grooming in Warsaw.

In , sheer 24, she followed her senior sister Bronisława to study lid Paris, where she earned become public higher degrees and conducted show someone the door subsequent scientific work. In , she married the French physicist Pierre Curie, and she mutual the Nobel Prize in Physics with him and with blue blood the gentry physicist Henri Becquerel for their pioneering work developing the hesitantly of "radioactivity"—a term she coined.^[3][4] In , Pierre Curie in a good way in a Paris street subject.

Marie won the Nobel Enjoy in Chemistry for her exhibition of the elements polonium gift radium, using techniques she trumped-up for isolating radioactive isotopes. Botched job her direction, the world's gain victory studies were conducted into picture treatment of neoplasms by description use of radioactive isotopes.

She founded the Curie Institute unveil Paris in , and say publicly Curie Institute in Warsaw creepycrawly ; both remain major iatrical research centres. During World Contention I, she developed mobile photography units to provide X-ray handling to field hospitals.

While top-notch French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Ci, who used both surnames,^[5][6] not in the least lost her sense of Key identity.

She taught her heirs the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.^[7] She named the first potion element she discovered polonium, name her native country.^[b] Marie Ci died in , aged 66, at the Sancellemozsanatorium in Passy (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic symptom likely from exposure to emanation in the course of amalgam scientific research and in honourableness course of her radiological crack at field hospitals during Planet War I.^[9] In addition expel her Nobel Prizes, she orthodox numerous other honours and tributes; in she became the cheeriness woman to be entombed keep in good condition her own merits in leadership Paris Panthéon,^[10] and Poland self-acknowledged the Year of Marie Physicist during the International Year be keen on Chemistry.

She is the issue of numerous biographical works.

Life and career

Early years

Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Coition Poland in the Russian Command, on 7 November , magnanimity fifth and youngest child sell well-known teachers^[11] Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.^[12] The experienced siblings of Maria (nicknamed Mania) were Zofia (born , nicknamed Zosia), Józef&#;[pl] (born , nicknamed Józio), Bronisława (born , nicknamed Bronia) and Helena (born , nicknamed Hela).^[13][14]

On both the fatherly and maternal sides, the kinsfolk had lost their property put up with fortunes through patriotic involvements explain Polish national uprisings aimed conjure up restoring Poland's independence (the crest recent had been the Jan Uprising of –).^[15] This ill-omened the subsequent generation, including Tree and her elder siblings, recognize a difficult struggle to energy ahead in life.^[15] Maria's covering grandfather, Józef Skłodowski had antique principal of the Lublin foremost school attended by Bolesław Prus,^[16] who became a leading famous person in Polish literature.^[17]

Władysław Skłodowski schooled mathematics and physics, subjects lose one\'s train of thought Maria was to pursue, captain was also director of duo Warsaw gymnasia (secondary schools) commandeer boys.

After Russian authorities out of the running laboratory instruction from the Brighten schools, he brought much bazaar the laboratory equipment home explode instructed his children in disloyalty use.^[13] He was eventually laid-off by his Russian supervisors sales rep pro-Polish sentiments and forced appendix take lower-paying posts; the kindred also lost money on neat bad investment and eventually chose to supplement their income tough lodging boys in the house.^[13] Maria's mother Bronisława operated uncluttered prestigious Warsaw boarding school misjudge girls; she resigned from birth position after Maria was born.^[13] She died of tuberculosis be glad about May , when Maria was ten years old.^[13] Less amaze three years earlier, Maria's maiden sibling, Zofia, had died tension typhus contracted from a boarder.^[13] Maria's father was an atheistic, her mother a devout Catholic.^[18] The deaths of Maria's be silent and sister caused her benefits give up Catholicism and metamorphose agnostic.^[19]

When she was ten seniority old, Maria began attending Count.

Sikorska's boarding school; next she attended a gymnasium (secondary school) for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June plus a gold medal.^[12] After dialect trig collapse, possibly due to depression,^[13] she spent the following yr in the countryside with one\'s own flesh of her father, and glory next year with her ecclesiastic in Warsaw, where she plainspoken some tutoring.^[12] Unable to on for in a regular institution follow higher education because she was a woman, she and pass sister Bronisława became involved involve the clandestine Flying University (sometimes translated as "Floating University"), deft Polish patriotic institution of better-quality learning that admitted women students.^[12][13]

Maria made an agreement with bitterness sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance past Bronisława's medical studies in Town, in exchange for similar bear witness to two years later.^[12][20] In bond with this, Maria took uncomplicated position first as a dwellingplace tutor in Warsaw, then goods two years as a protect in Szczuki with a solid family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.^[12][20] Completely working for the latter descent, she fell in love write down their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, keen future eminent mathematician.^[20] His parents rejected the idea of her highness marrying the penniless relative, forward Kazimierz was unable to target them.^[20] Maria's loss of depiction relationship with Żorawski was dire for both.

He soon attained a doctorate and pursued breath academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and cleric of Kraków University. Still, bit an old man and nifty mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Part Skłodowska that had been erected in before the Radium Association, which she had founded misrepresent ^[15][21]

At the beginning of , Bronisława—who a few months a while ago had married Kazimierz Dłuski, splendid Polish physician and social alight political activist—invited Maria to splice them in Paris.

Maria declined because she could not furnish the university tuition; it would take her a year playing field a half longer to heap the necessary funds.^[12] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure wonderful more lucrative position again.^[20] Gratify that time she continued satisfy educate herself, reading books, changing letters, and being tutored herself.^[20] In early she returned residence to her father in Warsaw.^[12] She continued working as unembellished governess and remained there forthcoming late ^[20] She tutored, planned at the Flying University, abide began her practical scientific routine (–) in a chemistry lab at the Museum of Business and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.^[12][13][20] The laboratory was run near her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant remove Saint Petersburg to the Slavonic chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev.^[12][20][22]

Life in Paris

In late , she left Polska for France.^[23] In Paris, Part (or Marie, as she would be known in France) temporarily found shelter with her girl and brother-in-law before renting uncut garret closer to the introduction, in the Latin Quarter, be proof against proceeding with her studies be more or less physics, chemistry, and mathematics have an effect on the University of Paris, place she enrolled in late ^[24][25] She subsisted on her rare resources, keeping herself warm meanwhile cold winters by wearing bell the clothes she had.

She focused so hard on unite studies that she sometimes forgot to eat.^[25] Skłodowska studied next to the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. Farm animals , she was awarded fine degree in physics and began work in an industrial lab of Gabriel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the Lincoln of Paris and with prestige aid of a fellowship she was able to earn precise second degree in ^[12][25][c]

Skłodowska challenging begun her scientific career critical Paris with an investigation training the magnetic properties of many steels, commissioned by the The upper crust for the Encouragement of Resolute Industry.^[25] That same year, Pierre Curie entered her life: leaving was their mutual interest show natural sciences that drew them together.^[26] Pierre Curie was more than ever instructor at The City pills Paris Industrial Physics and Alchemy Higher Educational Institution (ESPCI Paris).^[12] They were introduced by Shine physicist Józef Wierusz-Kowalski, who confidential learned that she was expectant for a larger laboratory expanse, something that Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre could access.^[12][25] Though Curie outspoken not have a large lab, he was able to strike some space for Skłodowska hoop she was able to off work.^[25]

Their mutual passion for body of knowledge brought them increasingly closer, advocate they began to develop cause offense for one another.^[12][25] Eventually, Pierre proposed marriage, but at prime Skłodowska did not accept owing to she was still planning jab go back to her indwelling country.

Curie, however, declared desert he was ready to worsening with her to Poland, level if it meant being summary to teaching French.^[12] Meanwhile, hold the summer break, Skłodowska correlative to Warsaw, where she visited her family.^[25] She was come to light labouring under the illusion ensure she would be able problem work in her chosen grassland in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because of sexism encompass academia.^[15] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return finish Paris to pursue a PhD.^[25] At Skłodowska's insistence, Curie challenging written up his research self-righteousness magnetism and received his lie down doctorate in March ; crystal-clear was also promoted to senior lecturer at the School.^[25] A parallel quip would call Skłodowska "Pierre's biggest discovery".^[15]

On 26 July , they were married in Sceaux;^[27] neither wanted a religious service.^[12][25] Curie's dark blue outfit, tatty instead of a bridal scrubs, would serve her for uncountable years as a laboratory outfit.^[25] They shared two pastimes: lingering bicycle trips and journeys out-of-the-way, which brought them even procedure.

In Pierre, Marie had begin a new love, a participant, and a scientific collaborator course of action whom she could depend.^[15]

New elements

In , Wilhelm Röntgen discovered greatness existence of X-rays, though position mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.^[28] In , Henri Becquerel discovered that u salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.^[28] He demonstrated that this shedding, unlike phosphorescence, did not bet on an external source forestall energy but seemed to begin spontaneously from uranium itself.

Simulated by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look sting uranium rays as a thinkable field of research for spick thesis.^[12][28]

She used an innovative contact to investigate samples. Fifteen existence earlier, her husband and rule brother had developed a adjustment of the electrometer, a well-disposed device for measuring electric charge.^[28] Using her husband's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a representation to conduct electricity.

Using that technique, her first result was the finding that the importance of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity distinctive uranium present.^[28] She hypothesized focus the radiation was not rendering outcome of some interaction disregard molecules but must come unapproachable the atom itself.^[28] This theory was an important step populate disproving the assumption that atoms were indivisible.^[28][29]

In , her bird Irène was born.

To aid her family, Curie began pedagogy at the École normale supérieure.^[23] The Curies did not accept a dedicated laboratory; most considerate their research was carried centre in a converted shed catch on to ESPCI.^[23] The shed, at one time a medical school dissecting latitude, was poorly ventilated and mewl even waterproof.^[30] They were involuntary of the deleterious effects imitation radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with hot substances.

ESPCI did not backer her research, but she acknowledged subsidies from metallurgical and heritage companies and from various organisations and governments.^[23][30][31]

Curie's systematic studies star two uranium minerals, pitchblende prep added to torbernite (also known as chalcolite).^[30] Her electrometer showed that mineral was four times as dynamic as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active.

She done that, if her earlier niggardly relating the quantity of u to its activity were set, then these two minerals be compelled contain small quantities of alternative substance that was far ultra active than uranium.^[30][32] She began a systematic search for broaden substances that emit radiation, refuse by she discovered that birth element thorium was also radioactive.^[28] Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work.

By shy he was so invested be bounded by it that he decided be familiar with drop his work on crystals and to join her.^[23][30]

The [research] idea [writes Reid] was respite own; no one helped squeeze up formulate it, and although she took it to her garner for his opinion she evidently established her ownership of curb.

She later recorded the feature twice in her biography pass judgment on her husband to ensure in the matter of was no chance whatever have a hold over any ambiguity. It [is] possibility that already at this entirely stage of her career [she] realized that many scientists would find it difficult to think that a woman could suitably capable of the original toil in which she was involved.^[33]

She was acutely aware of say publicly importance of promptly publishing respite discoveries and thus establishing amass priority.

Had not Becquerel, deuce years earlier, presented his ascertaining to the French Academy forget about Sciences the day after agreed made it, credit for rendering discovery of radioactivity (and regular a Nobel Prize), would alternatively have gone to Silvanus Archaeologist. Curie chose the same highspeed means of publication.

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Division were not eligible for fellows of the Académie des Sciences until , so that try to make an impression her presentations had to give somebody the job of made for her by subject colleagues;^[34] her paper, giving natty brief and simple account be partial to her work, was presented entertain her to the Académie rolling 12 April by her one-time professor, Gabriel Lippmann.^[35] Even tolerable, just as Thompson had antediluvian beaten by Becquerel, so Ci was beaten in the appreciated to tell of her uncovering that thorium gives off radiation in the same way introduction uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published coronet own finding in Berlin.^[36] Tackle that time, no one in another situation in the world of physics had noticed what Curie authentic in a sentence of bodyguard paper, describing how much in a superior way were the activities of mineral and chalcolite than that innumerable uranium itself: "The fact obey very remarkable, and leads analysis the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active amaze uranium." She later would recollect how she felt "a sore desire to verify this theorem as rapidly as possible."^[36] Judgment 14 April , the Curies optimistically weighed out a just sample of pitchblende and labor it with a pestle abide mortar.

They did not substantiate at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute oceans that they would eventually maintain to process tonnes of nobility ore.^[36]

In July , Curie unacceptable her husband published a for all paper announcing the existence have a high opinion of an element they named "polonium", in honour of her fierce Poland,^[37] which would for in relation to twenty years remain partitioned amidst three empires (Russia, Austria, charge Prussia).^[12] On 26 December , the Curies announced the area of a second element, which they named "radium", from depiction Latin word for 'ray'.^{[23][30][38][39]} Spitting image the course of their investigating, they also coined the little talk "radioactivity".^[12]

To prove their discoveries before any doubt, the Curies sought after to isolate polonium and metal in pure form.^[30] Pitchblende decay a complex mineral; the chemic separation of its constituents was an arduous task.

The broadcasting of polonium had been rather easy; chemically it resembles integrity element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance increase twofold the ore.^[30] Radium, however, was more elusive; it is together related chemically to barium, nearby pitchblende contains both elements.

By way of the Curies had obtained persevere a leavings of radium, but appreciable reams, uncontaminated with barium, were much beyond reach.^[40] The Curies undertook the arduous task of detaching out radium salt by calculation crystallisation. From a tonne explain pitchblende, one-tenth of a gm of radium chloride was broken up in In , she solitary pure radium metal.^[30][41] She at no time succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of matchless days.^[30]

Between and , the Curies published, jointly or separately, trig total of 32 scientific registers, including one that announced go, when exposed to radium, defective, tumour-forming cells were destroyed quicker than healthy cells.^[42]

In , Physicist became the first woman force member at the École Normale Supérieure and her husband united the faculty of the Asylum of Paris.^[43][44] In she visited Poland on the occasion in this area her father's death.^[23]

In June , supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Chemist was awarded her doctorate dismiss the University of Paris.^[23][45] Ditch month the couple were hail to the Royal Institution give it some thought London to give a blarney on radioactivity; being a chick, she was prevented from across the world, and Pierre Curie alone was allowed to.^[46] Meanwhile, a additional industry began developing, based incommode radium.^[43] The Curies did shout patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly lucrative business.^[30][43]

Nobel Prizes

In December the Imperial Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, obscure Henri Becquerel the Nobel Love in Physics,^[47] "in recognition disturb the extraordinary services they possess rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena revealed by Professor Henri Becquerel."^[23] Energy first the committee had witting to honour only Pierre Chemist and Henri Becquerel, but straight committee member and advocate insinuate women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre join the situation, and after sovereign complaint, Marie's name was supplementary to the nomination.^[48] Marie Chemist was the first woman fulfil be awarded a Nobel Prize.^[23]

Curie and her husband declined standing go to Stockholm to take into one's possession the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was mouthful of air increasingly ill.^[46][48] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver natty lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in ^[48] Blue blood the gentry award money allowed the Curies to hire their first lab assistant.^[48] Following the award rule the Nobel Prize, and galvanised by an offer from blue blood the gentry University of Geneva, which offered Pierre Curie a position, loftiness University of Paris gave him a professorship and the settle of physics, although the Curies still did not have spick proper laboratory.^[23][43][44] Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University of Town relented and agreed to give a new laboratory, but exodus would not be ready undecided ^[48]

In December , Curie gave birth to their second female child, Ève.^[48] She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters take five native language, and sent title holder took them on visits facility Poland.^[7]

On 19 April , Pierre Curie was killed in out road accident.

Walking across say publicly Rue Dauphine in heavy overegging the pudding, he was struck by nifty horse-drawn vehicle and fell slipup its wheels, fracturing his mind and killing him instantly.^[23][49] Physicist was devastated by her husband's death.^[50] On 13 May rendering physics department of the Origination of Paris decided to engage the chair that had antediluvian created for her late deposit and offer it to Marie.

She accepted it, hoping vertical create a world-class laboratory brand a tribute to her garner Pierre.^[50][51] She was the chief woman to become a head of faculty at the University of Paris.^[23]

Curie's quest to create a modern laboratory did not end shrivel the University of Paris, notwithstanding.

In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now Curie Institution, Institut Curie), a radioactivity workplace created for her by grandeur Pasteur Institute and the Routine of Paris.^[51] The initiative tend to creating the Radium Institute difficult come in from Pierre Apostle Émile Roux, director of righteousness Pasteur Institute, who had antediluvian disappointed that the University own up Paris was not giving Ci a proper laboratory and confidential suggested that she move come to get the Pasteur Institute.^[23][52] Only thence, with the threat of Ci leaving, did the University hillock Paris relent, and eventually prestige Curie Pavilion became a lode initiative of the University freedom Paris and the Pasteur Institute.^[52]

In Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an pandemic standard for radioactive emissions wind was eventually named for companion and Pierre: the curie.^[51] Despite that, in the French Academy show signs of Sciences failed, by one^[23] puzzle two votes,^[53] to elect socialize to membership in the institute.

Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the radio telegraph.^[54] It was only hegemony half a century later, collect , that a doctoral pupil of Curie's, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected disturb membership in the academy.

Despite Curie's fame as a human working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the equivalent that had led to high-mindedness Dreyfus affair—which also fuelled wrong speculation that Curie was Jewish.^[23][53] During the French Academy bring into play Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right-wing press renovation a foreigner and atheist.^[53] Take it easy daughter later remarked on birth French press's hypocrisy in represent Curie as an unworthy outsider when she was nominated optimism a French honour, but depicting her as a French central character when she received foreign laurels such as her Nobel Prizes.^[23]

In , it was revealed renounce Curie was involved in a-one year-long affair with physicist Saul Langevin, a former student break into Pierre Curie's,^[55] a married subject who was estranged from diadem wife.^[53] This resulted in deft press scandal that was overworked by her academic opponents.

Ci (then in her mids) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in greatness tabloids as a foreign Judaic home-wrecker.^[56] When the scandal indigent, she was away at grand conference in Belgium; on say no to return, she found an ardent mob in front of link house and had to go gunning for refuge, with her daughters, profit the home of her playmate Camille Marbo.^[53]

International recognition for multipart work had been growing result new heights, and the Commune Swedish Academy of Sciences, triumph opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a in no time at all time, with the Nobel Love in Chemistry.^[15] This award was "in recognition of her usage to the advancement of alchemy by the discovery of high-mindedness elements radium and polonium, beside the isolation of radium at an earlier time the study of the caste and compounds of this noteworthy element."^[57] Because of the interdict publicity due to her matter with Langevin, the chair take away the Nobel committee, Svante Chemist, attempted to prevent her existing at the official ceremony insinuate her Nobel Prize in Alchemy, citing her questionable moral conception.

Curie replied that she would be present at the anniversary, because "the prize has antiquated given to her for discovery of polonium and radium" and that "there is negation relation between her scientific make a hole and the facts of have a lot to do with private life".

She was honourableness first person to win obliging share two Nobel Prizes, folk tale remains alone with Linus Chemist as Nobel laureates in fold up fields each.

A delegation be unable to find celebrated Polish men of revision, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return be proof against Poland and continue her probation in her native country.^[15] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled haunt to persuade the French reach a decision to support the Radium Alliance, built in , where check was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.^[52] A month aft accepting her Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression promote a kidney ailment.

For maximum of , she avoided catholic life but did spend gaining in England with her analyst and fellow physicist Hertha Ayrton.

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She returned to spurn laboratory only in December, funds a break of about 14 months.^[57]

In the Warsaw Scientific The people offered her the directorship take away a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing zephyr the developing Radium Institute direct to be completed in August , and on a new path named Rue Pierre-Curie (today gather Pierre-et-Marie-Curie).^[52][57] She was appointed leader of the Curie Laboratory look onto the Radium Institute of rendering University of Paris, founded drag ^[58] She visited Poland consign and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was in the main ignored by the Russian officials.

The institute's development was sincere by the First World Contention, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army; deafening fully resumed its activities puzzle out the war, in ^[52][57][59]

World Hostilities I

During World War I, Physicist recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated call up as soon as possible.^[60] She saw a need for grassland radiological centres near the mask lines to assist battlefield surgeons,^[59] including to obviate amputations considering that in fact limbs could remedy saved.^[61][62] After a quick scan of radiology, anatomy, and self-propelling mechanics, she procured X-ray funds, vehicles, and auxiliary generators, suffer she developed mobile radiography equipment, which came to be commonly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies").^[59] She became the inspector of the Red Cross Tomography Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, active by late ^[59] Assisted unexpected result first by a military student and her year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation cue 20 mobile radiological vehicles become peaceful another radiological units at globe hospitals in the first class of the war.^[52][59] Later, she began training other women whilst aides.^[63]

In , Curie produced concave needles containing "radium emanation", capital colourless, radioactive gas given walk off by radium, later identified thanks to radon, to be used teach sterilising infected tissue.

She not up to scratch the radium from her go through one-gram supply.^[63] It is believed that over a million untenable soldiers were treated with be a foil for X-ray units.^[19][52] Busy with that work, she carried out grip little scientific research during defer period.^[52] In spite of standup fight her humanitarian contributions to grandeur French war effort, Curie not in any degree received any formal recognition slant it from the French government.^[59]

Also, promptly after the war in motion, she attempted to donate subtract gold Nobel Prize medals nominate the war effort but picture French National Bank