Short biography of tommy douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and founding NDP leader

For the American jazz player, see Tommy Douglas (clarinetist). Long other people with similar person's name, see Thomas Douglas.

Thomas Clement DouglasPC CC SOM (20 October 1904 – 24 Feb 1986) was a Scottish-born Contention politician who served as ethics seventh premier of Saskatchewan foreigner 1944 to 1961 and Ruler of the New Democratic Social event from 1961 to 1971.

Expert Baptist minister, he was chosen to the House of Food of Canada in 1935 slightly a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He leftist federal politics to become Crowned head of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Land Federation and then the ordinal Premier of Saskatchewan. His regulation introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.

Biography of william shakespeare considerably a poetics

After setting epitome Saskatchewan's universal healthcare program, Politico stepped down and ran halt lead the newly formed in alliance New Democratic Party (NDP), authority successor party of the ceremonial CCF. He was elected because its first federal leader preparation 1961. Although Douglas never untidy the party to government, go over much of his tenure birth party held the balance a mixture of power in the House be fooled by Commons.

He was noted chimpanzee being the main opposition nigh the imposition of the War Measures Act during the 1970 October Crisis. He resigned pass for leader the next year on the contrary remained as a Member near Parliament until 1979.

Douglas was awarded many honorary degrees, deed a foundation was named apply for him and his political demonstrator M. J.

Coldwell in 1971. Reap 1981, he was invested look at the Order of Canada, extort he became a member methodical Canada's privy council in 1984, two years before his brusque. In 2004, a CBC Persuade program named Tommy Douglas "The Greatest Canadian", based on fastidious Canada-wide, viewer-supported survey.

Early life

Thomas Clement Douglas was born livestock 1904 in Falkirk, the young gentleman of Annie (née Clement) boss Thomas Douglas, an iron loaf who fought in the Boer War.^[1] In 1910 at chart 7,^[2] his family immigrated grip Canada, where they settled house Winnipeg.

Shortly before he compare the United Kingdom, Douglas coating and injured his right elbow. Osteomyelitis set in and good taste underwent a number of drive in Scotland in an analyse to cure the condition. Next in Winnipeg, the osteomyelitis increasing up again, and Douglas was sent to hospital. Doctors nearby told his parents his arena would have to be amputated; however, a well-known orthopedic sawbones took interest and agreed have got to treat him for free on condition that his parents allowed medical group of pupils to observe.

After several nerve centre, Douglas's leg was saved. That experience convinced him that vomiting care should be free change all. Many years later, Politician told an interviewer, "I matte that no boy should be born with to depend either for coronet leg or his life come up against the ability of his parents to raise enough money seat bring a first-class surgeon barter his bedside."

During World War Funny (aged 12 to 15),^[2] righteousness family went back to Port.

They returned to Winnipeg advocate late 1918, in time tend Douglas to witness the Lake general strike. From a rooftop vantage point on Main Compatible, he witnessed the police charging the strikers with clubs tell guns, and a streetcar creature overturned and set on fervour. He also witnessed the Converse Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) slate and kill one of magnanimity workers.

This incident influenced Politico later in life by cementing his commitment to protect essential freedoms in a Bill be in the region of Rights when he was arch of Saskatchewan.^[7]

In 1920, at probity age of 15, Douglas began amateur boxing at the Reschedule Big Union gym in Lake. Weighing 135 pounds (61 kg), illegal won the 1922 Lightweight Backing of Manitoba after a six-round fight.

Douglas sustained a spindly nose, a loss of cruel teeth, and a strained direct and thumb. He held prestige title the following year.

In 1930, Douglas married Irma Dempsey, neat music student at Brandon School. They had one daughter, contestant Shirley Douglas, and they following adopted a second daughter, Joan, who became a nurse.

Her majesty daughter, Shirley, married Actor Donald Sutherland. Together, they had unornamented son named Kiefer.^[9]

Education

Douglas started basic school in Winnipeg. He undivided his elementary education after reversive to Glasgow. He worked style a soap boy in orderly barber shop, rubbing lather look at tough whiskers, then dropped ludicrous of high school at 13 after landing a job imprint a cork factory.

The proprietress offered to pay Douglas's agreeably through night school so turn he could learn Portuguese presentday Spanish, languages that would qualify him to become a make airtight buyer. However, the family exchanged to Winnipeg when the fighting ended and Douglas entered grandeur printing trades. He served marvellous five-year apprenticeship and worked pass for a Linotype operator finally deriving his journeyman's papers, but certain to return to school ordain pursue his ambition to alter an ordained minister.

Brandon University

In 1924, the 19-year-old Douglas enrolled sharpen up Brandon College, a Baptist college affiliated with McMaster University, be selected for finish high school and con theology.

During his six mature at the college, he was influenced by the Social Doctrine movement, which combined Christian criterion with social reform. Liberal-minded professors at Brandon encouraged students endorsement question their fundamentalist religious saws. Christianity, they suggested, was unbiased as concerned with the profit of social justice as cluster was with the struggle schedule individual salvation.

Douglas took dialect trig course in socialism at Brandon and studied Greek philosophy. Type came first in his bulky during his first three period, then competed for gold medals in his last three connect with a newly arrived student name Stanley Knowles. Both later became ministers of religion and salient left-wing politicians.

Douglas was also active in extracurricular activities. Mid other things, he became neat champion debater, wrote for greatness school newspaper and participated cut student government winning election orang-utan Senior Stick, or president unknot the student body, in enthrone final year.

Douglas financed his tending at Brandon College by operation Sunday services at several agrestic churches for 15 dollars regular week.

A shortage of meant clergy forced smaller congregations open to the elements rely on student ministers. Politico reported later that he preached sermons advocating social reform charge helping the poor: "[T]he Scripture is like a bull fiddle ... you can play almost ignoble tune you want on it." He added that his woo in social and economic questions led him to preach on every side "building a society and house institutions that would uplift mankind".

He also earned money emancipation entertaining monologues and poetry recitations at church suppers and avail club meetings for five contract a performance. During his in no time at all and third years at loftiness college, he preached at a-one Presbyterian church in Carberry, Manitoba. There he met a farmer's daughter named Irma Dempsey who would later become his wife.

MA thesis on eugenics

Douglas graduated exotic Brandon College in 1930 most important completed his Master of Field degree in sociology at Historian University in 1933.

His idle talk, "The Problems of the Deficient Family", endorsed eugenics. The contention proposed a system that would have required couples seeking chance on marry to be certified primate mentally and morally fit. Those deemed to be "subnormal", considering of low intelligence, moral error, or venereal disease would write down sent to state farms den camps, while those judged cut into be mentally defective or incurably diseased would be sterilized.

Douglas only now and then mentioned his thesis later careful his life, and his pronounce never enacted eugenics policies, sift through two official reviews of Saskatchewan's mental health system recommended much a program when he became premier and minister of condition.

As premier, Douglas opposed rectitude adoption of eugenics laws. Contempt the time Douglas took put in place in 1944, many people questionable eugenics due to Nazi Germany's embrace of it in neat effort to create a "master race". Instead, Douglas implemented vocational training for the mentally defective and therapy for those mournful from mental disorders.^[a]

PhD research worry Chicago

In the summer of 1931, Douglas continued his studies disintegration sociology at the University show Chicago.

He never completed potentate PhD thesis but was far downwards disturbed by his field job in the Depression-era "jungles" development hobo camps where about 75,000 transients sheltered in lean-tos venturing out by day to solicit advise or to steal. Douglas interviewed men who once belonged make something go with a swing the American middle class—despondent cache clerks, lawyers and doctors.

Politician said later, "There were petty soup kitchens run by Leadership Salvation Army and the churches ... In the first half-hour they'd be cleaned out. After zigzag there was nothing ... It was impossible to describe the hopelessness." Douglas was equally disturbed digress members of the Socialist Corporation sat around quoting Marx give orders to Lenin, waiting for a upheaval while refusing to help representation destitute.

Douglas said: "That manner soured me with absolutists ... I've no patience with people who want to sit back allow talk about a blueprint take over society and do nothing space it."

From pulpit to politics

Two months after Douglas graduated from Brandon College, he married Irma Prizefighter, and the two moved work stoppage the town of Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where he became an compelled minister at the Calvary Protestant Church.

Irma was 19, long forgotten Douglas was 25. With rank onset of the Depression, Pol became a social activist trip joined the new Co-operative Country Federation (CCF) political party. Noteworthy was elected to the Dwelling of Commons of Canada crumble the 1935 federal election.^[27]

During honourableness September 1939 special House classic Commons debate on entering rank war, Douglas, who had visited Nazi Germany in 1936 come to rest was disgusted by what of course saw, supported going to conflict against Hitler.

He was fret a pacifist, unlike his party's leader, J. S. Woodsworth, sports ground stated his reasons:

If support accept the completely absolutist peek of the pacifist, then tell what to do are saying that you move back and forth prepared to allow someone differently who has no such still small voice in al to destroy all the composure you've built up.

This silt what I used to confound with Mr. Woodsworth ... if sell something to someone came to a choice in the middle of losing freedom of speech, religous entity, association, thought, and all high-mindedness things that make life good living, and resorting to thrash about, you'd used force. What boss about have internationally is what pointed have within a nation.

Spiky must have law and fear, and you must have integrity necessary military means to coerce that law and order.

Douglas advocate Coldwell's position was eventually adoptive by the CCF National Convocation, but they also did band admonish Woodsworth's pacifist stand, at an earlier time allowed him to put have round forward in the House.

Pol assisted Woodsworth, during his leader's speech, by holding up ethics pages and turning them bolster him, even though he disagreed with him. Woodsworth had greet a stroke earlier in goodness year and he needed tender to hold his notes, settle down Douglas still held him check very high regard, and dutifully assisted his leader.

After the happening of World War II, Pol enlisted in the wartime Commotion Army.

He had volunteered espousal overseas service when a iatrical examination turned up his insensitive leg problems. Douglas stayed reside in Canada and the Grenadiers unkind for Hong Kong. If jumble for that ailment, he would likely have been with character regiment when its members were killed or captured at Hong Kong in December 1941.

Premier be worthwhile for Saskatchewan

Despite being a federal Affiliate of Parliament and not until now an MLA, Douglas was first-class the leader of the Saskatchewan CCF in 1942 after victoriously challenging the incumbent leader, Martyr Hara Williams, but did weep resign from the House elaborate Commons until 1 June 1944.^[32] He led the CCF do away with power in 15 June1944 district election, winning 47 of 52 seats in the Legislative Gathering of Saskatchewan, and thus formation the first social democratic polity in not only Canada however all of North America.

Rightfully premier, Douglas attended the station of Elizabeth II in June 1953.^[34]

Douglas and the Saskatchewan CCF then went on to standin five straight majority victories disclose all subsequent Saskatchewan provincial elections up to 1960. Most signify his government's pioneering innovations came about during its first reputation, including:

• the creation of representation publicly owned Saskatchewan Power Circle, successor to the Saskatchewan Gift Power Commission, which began well-organized long program of extending pulverize service to isolated farms advocate villages;
• the creation of Canada's culminating publicly owned automotive insurance work, the Saskatchewan Government Insurance Office;
• the creation of a large circulation of crown corporations, many look up to which competed with existing wildcat sector interests;
• legislation that allowed rectitude unionization of the public service;
• a program to offer taxpayer-funded retreat care to all citizens—the cardinal in North America.
• passage of character Saskatchewan Bill of Rights, government that broke new ground by the same token it protected both fundamental freedoms and equality rights against misemploy not only by government doff expel but also on the go fast of powerful private institutions professor persons.

  (The Saskatchewan Bill do paperwork Rights preceded the adoption style the Universal Declaration of Individual Rights by the United Altruism by 18 months.)^{[citation needed]}

Douglas was the first head of companionship government in Canada to buzz for a constitutional bill resolve rights. This he did wristwatch a federal-provincial conference in Quebec City in January 1950.

Clumsy one in attendance at decency conference supported him in that. Ten years later, Premier Denim Lesage of Quebec joined plonk Douglas at a First Ministers' Conference in July 1960 be pleased about advocating for a constitutional tally of rights. Thus, respectable haste was given to the impression that finally came to success, on 17 April 1982, outstrip the proclamation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.^[35]

Thanks to a booming postwar restraint and the prudent financial governance of provincial treasurer Clarence Fines, the Douglas government slowly compensated off the huge public accountability left by the previous Generous government, and created a mark down surplus for the Saskatchewan authority.

Coupled with a federal make promise in 1959 to supply even more tax money be after medical care, this paved excellence way for Douglas's most influential achievement, the introduction of regular health care legislation in 1961.^{[citation needed]}

Medicare

Douglas's number one concern was the creation of Medicare.

Elegance introduced medical insurance reform complain his first term, and drop by drop moved the province towards prevalent medicare near the end hint at his last term. In justness summer of 1962, Saskatchewan became the centre of a hard-fought struggle between the provincial control, the North American medical agreement, and the province's physicians, who brought things to a dress with the 1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike.

The doctors believed their best interests were not activity met and feared a vital loss of income as spasm as government interference in therapeutic care decisions even though Politico agreed that his government would pay the going rate optimism service that doctors charged. Rank medical establishment claimed that Pol would import foreign doctors appoint make his plan work stomach used racist images to venture to scare the public.^[36]

Douglas evolution widely known as the paterfamilias of Medicare, but the Saskatchewan universal program was finally launched by his successor, Woodrow Thespian, in 1962.

Douglas stepped juice as premier and as clean member of the legislature grandeur previous year, to lead birth newly formed federal successor sort the CCF, the New Classless Party of Canada (NDP).^[37]

The triumph of the province's public virus care program was not departed on the federal government. In relation to Saskatchewan politician, newly elected Best Minister John Diefenbaker, decreed straighten out 1958 that any province tracking to introduce a hospital procedure would receive 50 cents indict the dollar from the in alliance government.

In 1962, Diefenbaker allotted Justice Emmett Hall—also of Saskatchewan, a noted jurist and Foremost Court Justice—to Chair a Princely Commission on the national ailment system—the Royal Commission on Interest Services. In 1964, Justice Passageway recommended a nationwide adoption blond Saskatchewan's model of public prosperity insurance.

In 1966, the Devoted minority government of Lester Butter-fingered. Pearson created such a document, with the federal government profitable 50% of the costs add-on the provinces the other division. The adoption of public volatile care across Canada ended lock being the work of iii men with diverse political message – Douglas of the CCF, Diefenbaker of the Progressive Conservatives, and Pearson of the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

Federal NDP leader

Election

The 1958 Jumble general election was a rip for the CCF;^[38] its clique was reduced to eight, nearby party leader M.

J. Coldwell lost his own seat. Righteousness CCF executive knew that their party was dying and requisite radical change.^[39] The executive trustworthy Coldwell to remain as ruler, but the party also obligatory a leader in the Detached house of Commons to replace him, because he obviously was pollex all thumbs butte longer a Member of Convocation.

The CCF parliamentary caucus chose Hazen Argue as its virgin leader in the House. All along the lead-up to the 1960 CCF convention, Argue was critical Coldwell to step down; that leadership challenge jeopardized plans transport an orderly transition to significance new party that was creature planned by the CCF leading the Canadian Labour Congress.

CCF national president David Lewis – who succeeded Coldwell as director in 1958, when the ceremonial chairman and national president positions were merged – and picture rest of the new party's organizers opposed Argue's manoeuvres keep from wanted Douglas to be magnanimity new party's first leader. Make somebody's acquaintance prevent their plans from be the source of derailed, Lewis unsuccessfully attempted get on to persuade Argue not to functioning a vote at the collection on the question of integrity party's leadership, and there was a split between the formal caucus and the party designation on the convention floor.

Coldwell stepped down as leader, enthralled Argue replaced him, becoming justness party's final national leader.

As long way back as 1941, Coldwell sought Douglas to succeed him suggestion leading the National CCF (at that time, it was explicate that Coldwell would be exaggerated the national leadership in rank near future). When the ahead came for the "New Party" to form, in 1961, Coldwell pressured Douglas to run signify the leadership.

Coldwell did shriek trust Argue, and many bundle the CCF leadership thought focus he was already having strange meetings with the Liberals decree a view to a original merger. Also, Coldwell and Politico thought Lewis would not nurture a viable alternative to Break because Lewis was not liable to defeat Argue; this was partly due to Lewis' want of a parliamentary seat on the other hand also, and likely more much, because his role as assemble disciplinarian over the years esoteric made him many enemies, stop to potentially prevent him chomp through winning the leadership.

Douglas, puzzle out much consultation with Coldwell, Pianist, and his caucus, decided rejoinder June 1961 to reluctantly tournament the leadership of the Newborn Party. He handily defeated Squabble on 3 August 1961 parallel the first NDP leadership company in Ottawa, and became picture new party's first leader.^[44] Shock wave months later, Argue crossed nobleness floor and became a Liberal.^[45][46]

House of Commons, Act II

Douglas persevering from provincial politics and sought-after election to the House racket Commons in the riding pleasant Regina City in 1962, however was defeated by Ken Explain.

He was later elected appoint a by-election in the travel of Burnaby—Coquitlam, British Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Re-elected as MP for that travelling in the 1963 and 1965 elections, Douglas lost the redistricted seat of Burnaby—Seymour in depiction 1968 federal election. He won a seat again in far-out 1969 by-election in the equitation of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, following nobleness death of Colin Cameron paddock 1968, and represented it undetermined his retirement from electoral civics in 1979.^{[citation needed]}

While the NDP did better in elections more willingly than its CCF predecessor, the social event did not experience the educational it had hoped for.

In spite of this, Douglas was greatly grave by party members and Canadians at large as the arrange wielded considerable influence during Lester Pearson's minority governments in ethics mid-1960s.^{[citation needed]}

Views on homosexuality

During probity 1968 Federal Election, Douglas asserted homosexuality as a treatable disruption by saying it was "a mental illness...

[and] a mentally ill condition", as the American Psychiatrical Association. Rather than treating with your wits about you as a criminal offence laughableness imprisonment, Douglas believed it could be treated by psychiatrists nearby social workers. This view ceremony homosexuality was mainstream at magnanimity time, but has since elevated questions about how historical canvass are remembered.^[47][48] Nevertheless, Douglas would vote in favor of Restaurant check C-150 in 1969, which decriminalized homosexuality.

The War Measures Act, 1970

The October Crisis put Politico and David Lewis—now a Affiliate of Parliament—on the "hotseat", state Lewis being the only NDP MP with any roots overfull Quebec. He and Lewis were opposed to 16 October enforcement of the War Measures Act.^[50] The act, enacted previously nonpareil for wartime purposes, imposed notable limitations on civil liberties, arena gave the police and personnel vastly expanded powers for electrifying and detaining suspects, usually tally up little to no evidence required.^[50] Although it was only done on purpose to be used in Quebec, since it was federal lawmaking, it was in force all the time Canada.

Some police services, go over the top with outside of Quebec, took use wrongly of it for their fritter away purposes,^{[citation needed]} which mostly challenging nothing even remotely related destroy the Quebec situation, as Jumper and Douglas suspected. During systematic second vote on 19 Oct, sixteen of the twenty liveware of the NDP parliamentary faction voted against the implementation pounce on the War Measures Act incline the House of Commons prosperous four voted with the Generous government.

They took much grief famine being the only parliamentarians disdain vote against it,^[50] dropping revere an approval rating of septet per cent in public slant polls.^[52] Lewis, speaking for goodness party at a press scrummage that day: "The information surprise do have, showed a circumstance of criminal acts and inappropriate conspiracy in Quebec.

But, almost is no information that was unintended, or apprehended, den planned insurrection, which alone, would justify invoking the War Abstracted Act." Douglas voiced similar criticism: "The government, I submit, quite good using a sledgehammer to rift a peanut."^[52]

About five years afterward, many of the MPs who voted to implement it regretted doing so, and belatedly esteemed Douglas and Lewis for their stand against it.^[50] Progressive Hysterically leader Robert Stanfield went desirable far as to say "Quite frankly, I've admired Tommy Pol and David Lewis, and those fellows in the NDP means having the courage to plebiscite against that, although they took a lot of abuse bundle up the time ...

I don't scrap about it. I'm not vainglorious of it."^[50]

Late career and retirement

Douglas resigned as NDP leader acquit yourself 1971 but retained his place in the House of Chow. Around the same time orang-utan the leadership convention held fifty pence piece replace him, he asked leadership party not to buy him an elaborate parting gift.^[54] As an alternative, he and his friend have a word with political mentor M.

J. Coldwell were honoured by the entity with the creation of interpretation Douglas–Coldwell Foundation in 1971. Pacify served as the NDP's potency critic under the new king, David Lewis. He was re-elected in the riding of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands in the 1972 standing 1974 elections.^[27] He retired expend politics in 1979 and served on the board of administration of Husky Oil, an Alberta oil and gas exploration deportment that had holdings in Saskatchewan.

In 1980, Douglas was awarded a Doctor of Laws mainstream honoris causa by Carleton Doctrine in Ottawa. On 22 June 1981, Douglas was appointed defile the Order of Canada importation a Companion for his instigate as a political leader, accept innovator in public policy.^[55] Adjoin 1985, he was appointed academic the Saskatchewan Order of Quality and Brandon University created natty students' union building in indignity of Douglas and his pitch friend, Stanley Knowles.^[57]

In June 1984, Douglas was injured when put your feet up was struck by a instructor, but he quickly recovered near on his 80th birthday fair enough claimed to The Globe near Mail that he usually walked up to five miles clean up day.^[58] By this point prosperous his life his memory was beginning to slow down have a word with he stopped accepting speaking engagements but remained active in leadership Douglas–Coldwell Foundation.

Later that assemblage, on 30 November, he became a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.^[59][60]

Douglas in a good way of cancer at the junk of 81 on 24 Feb 1986, in Ottawa and was buried at Beechwood Cemetery.^{[57][61][62][63]}

In swell national TV contest, conducted inured to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 2004, he was capped "Greatest Canadian" by viewers deceive an online vote.^[64]

Tributes

Douglas Provincial Garden near Saskatchewan's Lake Diefenbaker elitist Qu'Appelle River Dam was called after him.

The statue The Greatest Canadian, created by Meadow Vivot, was erected in ruler hometown of Weyburn in Sept 2010 and unveiled by government grandson Kiefer Sutherland.^[65] A mull over located in Burnaby, British Town, was named in his look and had its soft electric socket on 17 November 2009.^[66] Diverse schools have been named abaft him, including Tommy Douglas Highbrow in Saskatoon, and a pupil housing co-op in Toronto, College Co-operative Residences, named one break into their houses after him whereas well.^[67] The Tommy Douglas Subsidiary School in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada named in his honour unlock in February 2015.^[68] Internationally glory former National Labor College leisure pursuit Silver Spring, Maryland, was renamed the Tommy Douglas Center back its purchase by the Fused Transit Union in 2014.^[69] Forecast March 2019, a plaque observance Douglas as the "Father staff Medicare" was revealed in Regina, Saskatchewan.^[70]

Artistic depiction

In the two CBC Televisionmini-series about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau and Trudeau II: Maverick hassle the Making, Douglas is represent by Eric Peterson.

In authority biography mini-series, Prairie Giant: Rank Tommy Douglas Story, which a minute ago on 12 and 13 Walk 2006, also on CBC, Politico was played by Michael Therriault. The movie was widely derided by critics as being historically inaccurate. Particularly, the movie's enactment of James Gardiner, premier fairhaired Saskatchewan from the late Decade to mid-1930s, was objected appendix by political historians and class Gardiner family itself.

In answer, the CBC consulted a "third party historian" to review honesty film and pulled it circumvent future broadcasts, including halting each and every home and educational sales.^[71]Prairie Giant was shown in Asia exaggerate the Hallmark Channel on 11 and 12 June 2007.^[71][72]

Douglas was also the subject of expert 1986 National Film Board considerate Canada documentary Tommy Douglas: Guardian of the Flame, which traditional the Gemini Award for Appropriately Writing in a Documentary Syllabus or Series.

Douglas was motif in the Michael Moore pic Sicko, which compared the good care system in the Affiliated States with that of Canada and other countries.^[74]

In 2004, according to a THE CANADIANS expansive series installation authored by Price Waiser, CBC viewers selected Serviceman Douglas as "The Greatest Canadian".^[75]

Fables

"The Cream Separator" is a parable, written by Douglas, which aims to explain the inherent injustices of the capitalist system little it relates to the agrestic sector by making the correspondence that the upper class gets the cream, the middle gigantic gets the whole milk, contemporary the farmers and industrial organization get a watery substance drift barely resembles milk.^[76]

He was likewise known for his retelling longed-for the fable of "Mouseland", which likens the majority of voters to mice, and how they either elect black or wan cats as their politicians, on the other hand never their own mice: occasion that workers and their public interests were not being served by electing wealthy politicians outsider the Liberal or Conservative parties (black and white cats), topmost that only a party their class (mice), originally character CCF, later the NDP, could serve their interests (mice).^[78] Life-span later, his grandson, television person Kiefer Sutherland,^[79] provided the unveiling to a Mouseland animated record that used a Douglas Mouseland speech as its narration.^[80]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Soldier Douglas

Year	Type	Party		Votes			Seats		Position
				Total	%	Total	±
1944	Provincial	Co-operative Commonwealth	211,364	53.1%	+34.4%	+37	Majority government
1948			236,900	47.6%	−5.5%	−16	Majority government
1952			291,705	54.1%	+6.5%	+11	Majority government
1956			249,634	45.3%	−8.8%	−6	Majority government
1960			276,846	40.8%	−4.5%	+1	Majority make
1962	Federal	New Democratic	1,044,754	13.57%	N/A	N/A	Fourth outfit
1963			1,044,701	13.22%	−0.35%	−2	Fourth party
1965			1,381,658	17.91%	+4.69%	+4	Third party
1968			1,378,263	16.96%	−0.95%	+1	Third party

Year	Type	Riding	Party		Votes daily Douglas				Result	Swing
					Total	%	P.
1934	Provincial popular	Weyburn	Farmer–Labour	1,343	25.84%	3rd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1935	Federal general	Weyburn	Co-operative Commonwealth	7,280	45.00%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1940				8,509	52.10%	1st	+7.10%	Elected	Hold
1944	Provincial general	Weyburn		5,605	61.63%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1948				6,273	56.31%	1st	−5.32%	Elected	Hold
1952				6,020	59.86%	1st	+3.55%	Elected	Hold
1956				4,930	48.17%	1st	−11.69%	Elected	Hold
1960				5,054	48.43%	1st	+0.26%	Elected	Hold
1962	Federal general	Regina City	New Democratic	12,736	28.94%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Hold
1962	Federal by-election	Burnaby—Coquitlam		16,313	50.43%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1963	Federal general			19,067	46.37%	1st	−4.06%	Elected	Hold
1965				22,553	52.92%	1st	+6.55%	Elected	Hold
1968		Burnaby—Seymour		17,753	44.89%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1969	Federal by-election	Nanaimo—Cowichan —The Islands		19,730	57.03%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1972	Federal general			25,483	56.93%	1st	−0.10%	Elected	Hold

Honorary degrees

Douglas received honorary degrees from diverse universities, including

• University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (LLD) kick up a fuss 1962^[81]
• McMaster University in Hamilton, Lake (LLD) in May 1969^[82]
• Queen's Campus in Kingston, Ontario (LLD) part 27 May 1972^[83]
• University of Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan in 1978^[84]
• Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario (LLD) in 1980^[85]
• University of Toronto give back Toronto, Ontario (LLD) in June 1980^[86]
• University of British Columbia unite Vancouver, British Columbia, (LLD) 27 May 1981^[87]
• Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario (LLD) in 1983^[88]

Notes

Archives

There are Tommy Pol fonds at Library and Annals Canada^[89] and the Provincial Rolls museum of Saskatchewan.^[90]

References