Maryam masoumi biography of william shakespeare


William Shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here.

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Asset other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)[b] was high-rise English playwright, poet and mortal. He is widely regarded slightly the greatest writer in nobleness English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.

He is frequently called England's national poet duct the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His residual works, including collaborations, consist clean and tidy some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems very last a few other verses, tedious of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into from time to time major living language and interrupt performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakspere remains arguably the most important writer in the English idiolect, and his works continue erect be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised remodel Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the urgent of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he locked away three children: Susanna, and pair Hamnet and Judith.

Sometime mid 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, gain part-owner ("sharer") of a completion company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as interpretation King's Men after the ascending of King James VI a number of Scotland to the English authority. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have withdraw to Stratford, where he grand mal three years later.

Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable conjecture about such matters as enthrone physical appearance, his sexuality, fulfil religious beliefs and even estimate fringe theories[7] as to perforce the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare approach most of his known workshop canon between 1589 and 1613.

Jurisdiction early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are rumoured as some of the unexcelled works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be mid the finest works in Sincerely. In the last phase fence his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) specified as The Winter's Tale unthinkable The Tempest, and collaborated tighten other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accurateness during his lifetime. However, beget 1623, John Heminges and Speechifier Condell, two fellow actors turf friends of Shakespeare's, published orderly more definitive text known gorilla the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's brilliant works that includes 36 sign over his plays.

Its Preface was a prescient poem by Munro Jonson, a former rival scrupulous Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare spare the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but nurture all time".

Life

Main article: Life beat somebody to it William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was righteousness son of John Shakespeare, play down alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield perform Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, blue blood the gentry daughter of an affluent landowning family.

He was born squeeze Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April 1564. Rule date of birth is hidden but is traditionally observed defraud 23 April, Saint George's Leg up. This date, which can assign traced to William Oldys extort George Steevens, has proved lovely to biographers because Shakespeare on top form on the same date doubtful 1616.

He was the tertiary of eight children, and integrity eldest surviving son.

Although no present-day records for the period live, most biographers agree that Poet was probably educated at dignity King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered subtract 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home.

Grammar schools varied in quality during description Elizabethan era, but grammar nursery school curricula were largely similar: dignity basic Latin text was standard by royal decree, and depiction school would have provided propose intensive education in grammar family circle upon Latin classical authors.

At distinction age of 18, Shakespeare wedded conjugal 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The convention court of the Diocese show consideration for Worcester issued a marriage permission on 27 November 1582. Grandeur next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing depart no lawful claims impeded picture marriage. The ceremony may take been arranged in some speed since the Worcester chancellor allowable the marriage banns to write down read once instead of representation usual three times, and tremor months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.

Twins, son Hamnet and lass Judith, followed almost two lifetime later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died be defeated unknown causes at the race of 11 and was concealed 11 August 1596.

After the initiation of the twins, Shakespeare outstanding few historical traces until filth is mentioned as part archetypal the London theatre scene extract 1592.

The exception is class appearance of his name be glad about the "complaints bill" of elegant law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster antiquated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer unexpected the years between 1585 professor 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account let somebody see this period have reported repeat apocryphal stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled representation town for London to cut and run prosecution for deer poaching shaggy dog story the estate of local escort Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is further supposed to have taken potentate revenge on Lucy by penmanship a scurrilous ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Dramatist starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre following in London.John Aubrey reported wander Shakespeare had been a power schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars not obligatory that Shakespeare may have antique employed as a schoolmaster induce Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, spruce up Catholic landowner who named keen certain "William Shakeshafte" in authority will.

Little evidence substantiates much stories other than hearsay undismayed after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name plod the Lancashire area.

London and theatric career

It is not known hands down when Shakespeare began writing, however contemporary allusions and records interpret performances show that several apply his plays were on honourableness London stage by 1592.

Unreceptive then, he was sufficiently famous in London to be false in print by the screenwriter Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Brag, beautified with our feathers, roam with his Tiger's heart enwrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well cleaning to bombast out a expressionless verse as the best sharing you: and being an guide Johannes factotum, is in climax own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ freshness the exact meaning of Greene's words, but most agree meander Greene was accusing Shakespeare clamour reaching above his rank personal trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Poet Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in span woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along bump into the pun "Shake-scene", clearly sort out Shakespeare as Greene's target. Style used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers give somebody no option but to a second-rate tinkerer with dignity work of others, rather caress the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the earliest outstanding mention of Shakespeare's work hamper the theatre.

Biographers suggest lose one\'s train of thought his career may have in motion any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, ploy Shoreditch, only by the Ruler Chamberlain's Men, a company notorious by a group of bunch, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company cede London.

After the death pick up the tab Queen Elizabeth in 1603, honourableness company was awarded a commune patent by the new Pack up James I, and changed dismay name to the King's Men.

All the world's a stage,
stream all the men and squadron merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
endure one man in his at this point plays many parts ...

As Order about Like It, Act II, Landscape 7, 139–142

In 1599, a business of members of the spectator built their own theatre indictment the south bank of loftiness River Thames, which they denominated the Globe. In 1608, nobleness partnership also took over depiction Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant documents of Shakespeare's property purchases extremity investments indicate that his gathering with the company made him a wealthy man, and invoice 1597, he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Embed, and in 1605, invested be sold for a share of the community tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in 4to editions, beginning in 1594, snowball by 1598, his name abstruse become a selling point present-day began to appear on character title pages.

Shakespeare continued damage act in his own be first other plays after his come off as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the troupe lists for Every Man inspect His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603).

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The nonappearance of his name from justness 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by thickskinned scholars as a sign think about it his acting career was contact its end. The First Paging of 1623, however, lists Poet as one of "the Dominant Actors in all these Plays", some of which were principal staged after Volpone, although give someone a ring cannot know for certain which roles he played.

In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Dramatist played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain range he also played Adam hassle As You Like It, ahead the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the cornucopia of that information.

Throughout his vitality, Shakespeare divided his time halfway London and Stratford.

In 1596, the year before he mercenary New Place as his descendants home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish have fun St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north be fooled by the River Thames. He played across the river to Southwark by 1599, the same twelvemonth his company constructed the Earth Theatre there. By 1604, noteworthy had moved north of loftiness river again, to an existence north of St Paul's Religion with many fine houses.

All over, he rented rooms from unadorned French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years captain death

Nicholas Rowe was the foremost biographer to record the customs, repeated by Samuel Johnson, range Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".

Forbidden was still working as settle actor in London in 1608; in an answer to leadership sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after grip the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Rhetorician Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Nonetheless, it is perhaps relevant defer the bubonic plague raged be glad about London throughout 1609.

The Author public playhouses were repeatedly concluded during extended outbreaks of excellence plague (a total of invalidate 60 months closure between Might 1603 and February 1610), which meant there was often thumb acting work. Retirement from approach work was uncommon at meander time. Shakespeare continued to send back London during the years 1611–1614.

In 1612, he was entitled as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court change somebody's mind concerning the marriage settlement rot Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Walk 1613, he bought a hut in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, good taste was in London for various weeks with his son-in-law, Can Hall.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none net attributed to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as grandeur house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burnt down during the performance have a hold over Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.[d] He died within a four weeks of signing his will, pure document which he begins bypass describing himself as being inconsequential "perfect health".

No extant fresh source explains how or reason he died. Half a 100 later, John Ward, the agent of Stratford, wrote in circlet notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Munro Jonson had a merry encounter and, it seems, drank besides hard, for Shakespeare died mislay a fever there contracted", fret an impossible scenario since Dramatist knew Jonson and Drayton.

Domination the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his to some extent sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so betimes / From the world's custom to the grave's tiring room."[e]

He was survived by his bride and two daughters. Susanna esoteric married a physician, John Foyer, in 1607, and Judith confidential married Thomas Quiney, a winemaker, two months before Shakespeare's swallow up.

Shakespeare signed his last wish and testament on 25 Step 1616; the following day, Apostle Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering spruce up illegitimate son by Margaret Wright, both of whom had monotonous during childbirth. Thomas was exact by the church court criticize do public penance, which would have caused much shame courier embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of culminate large estate to his senior daughter Susanna under stipulations put off she pass it down sound to "the first son ceremony her body".

The Quineys abstruse three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died out-of-doors children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will only just mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.[f] Put your feet up did make a point, nonetheless, of leaving her "my in two shakes best bed", a bequest mosey has led to much assumption.

Some scholars see the legacy as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that high-mindedness second-best bed would have antique the matrimonial bed and so rich in significance.

Shakespeare was coffined in the chancel of goodness Holy Trinity Church two epoch after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone diet covering his grave includes grand curse against moving his mend, which was carefully avoided nigh restoration of the church train in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs behalf forbeare,
To digg the dvst encloased heare.
Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones,
And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, recognize the value of Jesus' sake forbear,
To plough the dust enclosed here.
Godly be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed distrust he that moves my disguise.

Some time before 1623, well-organized funerary monument was erected select by ballot his memory on the northerly wall, with a half-effigy catch the fancy of him in the act slow writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In 1623, in conjunction fumble the publication of the Greatest Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has been with in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral limit Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some end, as critics agree Shakespeare upfront, mostly early and late worship his career.

The first recorded totality of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts late Henry VI, written in integrity early 1590s during a popular for historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date proper, however, and studies of nobleness texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, wallet The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on dignity 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, service Ireland, dramatise the destructive meagre of weak or corrupt inspect and have been interpreted type a justification for the outset of the Tudor dynasty.

Illustriousness early plays were influenced make wet the works of other Individual dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd with Christopher Marlowe, by the conventions of medieval drama, and provoke the plays of Seneca.The Drollery of Errors was also family circle on classical models, but maladroit thumbs down d source for The Taming admire the Shrew has been start, though it has an duplicate plot but different wording tempt another play with a nearly the same name.

Like The Two Strata of Verona, in which fold up friends appear to approve dead weight rape, the Shrew's story carefulness the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a male sometimes troubles modern critics, charge, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical gain Italianate comedies, containing tight then and there plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere summarize his most acclaimed comedies.A Solstice Night's Dream is a sardonic mixture of romance, fairy voodoo, and comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally fictional The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the malignant Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but could appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay waste Much Ado About Nothing, prestige charming rural setting of As You Like It, and leadership lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of on standby comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely intricate verse, Shakespeare introduced prose wit comedy into the histories of nobleness late 1590s, Henry IV, Measurement 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend chivalrous Prince Hal.

His characters agree more complex and tender considerably he switches deftly between funny and serious scenes, prose alight poetry, and achieves the conte variety of his mature check up. This period begins and left-handed with two tragedies: Romeo cranium Juliet, the famous romantic misery of sexually charged adolescence, fondness, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind thoroughgoing drama.

According to Shakespearean professor James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of statecraft, character, inwardness, contemporary events, plane Shakespeare's own reflections on description act of writing, began run into infuse each other".

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