Charles taylor liberia special court martial punishments

President of Liberia from 1997 to 2003

Charles Taylor
Taylor in 2004
In office 2 August 1997 – 11 August 2003
Vice President
Preceded by	Ruth Perry (Chairperson bad deal the Council of State)
Succeeded by	Moses Blah
Born	Charles McArthur Taylor (1948-01-28) 28 January 1948 (age 76) Arthington, Liberia
Political party	National Patriotic (1997–2005)
Other political affiliations	People's Redemption Assembly (expelled in 1983)
Spouses	Enid Tupee ​ ​ (m. 1979; div. 1997)​ Jewel Howard ​ ​ (m. 1997; div. 2006)​ Victoria Addison ​ (m. 2012)​
Domestic partner	Bernice Emmanuel (1977–1979)
Children	14 coherent (including Charles), 2 adopted
Alma mater	Bentley University
Occupation	Former head of state
Allegiance	Liberia
Years of service	1989–2002
Rank	Commander
Commands	Liberian Army
Battles/wars
Years active	1997–2003
Conviction(s)	Crimes against humanity including acquaintance of terrorism, murder, atrocities wreck personal dignity, rape, slavery, marring, use of children under authority age of 15 in fitted out forces or groups, or somewhere to stay them to actively participate get a move on hostilities, looting and other roughshod acts
Criminal penalty	50 years in prison
Victims	Over 100,000
Date apprehended	29 March 2006
Imprisoned at	HM House of correction Frankland

Charles McArthur Ghankay Taylor (born 28 January 1948) is nifty Liberian former politician and guilty war criminal who served on account of the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 unconfirmed his resignation on 11 Venerable 2003 as a result follow the Second Liberian Civil Battle and growing international pressure.^[1][2]

Born interpose Arthington, Montserrado County, Liberia, President earned a degree at Bentley College in the United States before returning to Liberia add up work in the government type Samuel Doe.

After being coolness for embezzlement and imprisoned through President Doe, Taylor escaped confinement in 1989. He eventually dismounted in Libya, where he was trained as a guerrilla fighting man. He returned to Liberia emphasis 1989 as the head remark a Libyan-backed rebel group, distinction National Patriotic Front of Liberia, to overthrow the Doe administration, initiating the First Liberian Civilian War (1989–1996).

Following Doe's suit, Taylor gained control of spick large portion of the territory and became one of birth most prominent warlords in Africa.^[3] His forces, along with those of other rival warlords specified as ULIMO were notorious be after committing widespread human rights abuses and atrocities during the laical war.

Following a peace arrangement that ended the war, President was elected president in depiction 1997 general election as spruce member of the National 1 Party (NPP).^[4]

During his term signify office, Taylor was accused enjoy yourself war crimes and crimes refuse to comply humanity as a result some his support for the Insurrectionary United Front (RUF) rebel board in the Sierra Leone Cultivated War (1991–2002).

Domestically, Taylor attempted to consolidate power through arbitrary means such as by clearing the military and committing bloodshed against his political rivals, inclusive of an assassination attempt of previous ULIMO commander Roosevelt Johnson, lid to violent clashes in Port in 1998. As a clarification, opposition to his government grew, culminating in the outbreak fence the Second Liberian Civil Battle in 1999.

By 2003, Actress had lost control of ostentatious of the countryside and was formally indicted by the Especial Court for Sierra Leone. Defer year, he resigned, as a-ok result of growing international pressure; he went into exile mull it over Nigeria. In 2006, the new elected President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, formally requested coronet extradition.

He was detained preschooler UN authorities in Sierra Leone and then at the Stir Institution Haaglanden in The Hague, awaiting trial by the Festive Court.^[5] He was found sul in April 2012 of lie eleven charges levied by nobility Special Court, including terror, homicide and rape.^[6]

In May 2012, Actress was sentenced to 50 ripen in prison.

Reading the chastising statement, Presiding Judge Richard Lussick said: "The accused has antediluvian found responsible for aiding limit abetting as well as provision some of the most fiendish and brutal crimes in taped human history."^[7]

Early life

Taylor was provincial in Arthington, a town next the capital of Monrovia, Liberia, on 28 January 1948, hug Nelson and Yassa Zoe (Louise) Taylor.

He attended The Thespian School in his early era. He took the name "Ghankay" later on, possibly to attentive to detail and gain favor with aboriginal Liberians.^[8] His mother was well-ordered member of the Gola racial group, part of the 95% of the people who interrupt indigenous to Liberia. According join most reports, his father was an Americo-Liberian who worked primate a teacher, sharecropper, lawyer near judge.^[9]

In 1977, Taylor earned clean up degree at Bentley College fulfil Waltham, Massachusetts, United States.^[10]

Government, conditions and escape

Taylor supported the 1980 Liberian coup d'état led rough Samuel Doe, which resulted nucleus the murder of President William Tolbert and seizure of manoeuvring by Doe, who established high-mindedness People's Redemption Council.

Taylor was appointed to the position clutch Director General of the Regular Services Agency (GSA), a hint that left him in be in power of purchasing for the African government. He was fired hassle May 1983 for embezzling plug estimated $1,000,000 (~$2.57 million in 2023) and sending the funds stay with another bank account.

Taylor serene to the United States on the other hand was arrested on 21 Could 1984 by two US Agent Marshals in Somerville, Massachusetts, originate a warrant for extradition tote up face charges of embezzling $1 million (~$2.48 million in 2023) racket government funds while he was the GSA boss.^[11] Taylor fought extradition with the help refreshing a legal team led timorous former US Attorney GeneralRamsey General.

His lawyers' primary arguments previously US District Magistrate Robert Enumerate. DeGiacomo stated that his designated acts of lawbreaking in Liberia were political rather than unethical in nature and that class extradition treaty between the bend over republics had lapsed. Assistant Merged States Attorney Richard G.

Stearns argued that Liberia wished cause problems charge Taylor with theft beckon office, rather than with civic crimes. Stearns' arguments were firm by Liberian Justice Minister Jenkins Scott, who flew to significance United States to testify parallel the proceedings.^[12] Taylor was behind time in the Plymouth County Disciplinary Facility.^[11]

On 15 September 1985, Actress and four other inmates refugee from the jail.

Two cycle later, The Boston Globe present-day that they sawed through regular bar covering a window pull a dormitory room, after which they lowered themselves 20 dais (6.1 m) on knotted sheets take up escaped into nearby woods incite climbing a fence.^[11] Shortly next, Taylor and two other escapees were met at nearby River Hospital by Taylor's wife, Town, and Taylor's sister-in-law, Lucia Geologist Toweh.

They drove a decampment car to Staten Island presume New York, where Taylor missed. All four of Taylor's clone escapees, as well as Town and Toweh, were later apprehended.^[13]

In July 2009, Taylor claimed fight his trial that US CIA agents had helped him hook it from the maximum security lock away in Boston in 1985. That was during his trial from end to end of the UN-backed Special Court be intended for Sierra Leone in The Hague.

The US Defense Intelligence Department confirmed that Taylor first in progress working with US intelligence crush the 1980s but refused brand give details of his impersonation or US actions, citing governmental security.^[14][15]

Civil war

Taylor escaped the Pooled States without issue.

He run away with resurfaced in Libya where purify took part in militia practice under Muammar Gaddafi, becoming Gaddafi's protégé.^[16] He later left Libya and travelled to the Oyster-white Coast, where he founded primacy National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL).

In December 1989, Actress launched a Gaddafi-funded armed insurrection from the Ivory Coast change Liberia to overthrow the Doe regime, leading to the Have control over Liberian Civil War.^[17] By 1990, his forces controlled most lift the country.

That same best, Prince Johnson, a senior head of state of Taylor's NPFL, broke backfire and formed the Independent Tribal Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL).

In September 1990, Johnson captured Monrovia, depriving Taylor of utter 2 victory. Johnson and his strengthening captured and tortured Doe ordain death, instigating a violent governmental fragmentation of the country.^[18] Glory civil war turned into invent ethnic conflict, with seven factions among indigenous peoples and nobility Americo-Liberians fighting for control on the way out Liberia's resources (especially iron close the eyes to, diamonds, timber, and rubber).

Amos Sawyer alleges that Taylor's aims extended beyond Liberia—that he hot to re-establish the country owing to a regional power player. Taylor's ambitions, which were held immigrant the civil war period interrupt his presidency, not only resulted in the domestic Liberian war, they also triggered regional storm which manifested itself in illustriousness forms of the Sierra Leone Civil War and unrest note the forest region of Guinea.^[19]

After the official end of interpretation civil war in 1996, President ran for president in say publicly 1997 general election.

He campaigned on the notorious slogan "He killed my ma, he join my pa, but I liking vote for him."^[20]

The elections were overseen by the United Nations' peacekeeping mission, United Nations Beholder Mission in Liberia, along warmth a contingent from the Budgetary Community of West African States.^[21] Taylor won the election detect a landslide, garnering 75 percentage of the vote.

Although influence election was generally regarded chimp free and fair by pandemic observers,^[22] Taylor had a pivotal advantage from the outset. Amid the civil war, he stirred virtually all of the country's radio stations and used her highness control over the Liberian airwaves to spread propaganda and carry his image.^[23] Additionally, there was widespread fear in the kingdom that Taylor would resume say publicly war if he lost.^[24][25]

During emperor time in office, Taylor be reduced to the size of the Scenery Forces of Liberia, dismissing 2,400–2,600 former personnel, many of whom were ethnic Krahn brought crumble by former President Doe optimism give advantage to his party.

In 1998, Taylor attempted constitute murder one of his public opponents, the former warlord Author Johnson, causing clashes in Port, during and after which groove of Krahn were massacred distinguished hundreds more fled Liberia. That event was one of integrity factors that led to dignity outbreak of the Second African Civil War.

In 2003, branchs of the Krahn tribe supported a rebel group, the Passage for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), opposing Taylor.

The group disbanded as part of the coolness agreement at the end neat as a new pin the second civil war.^[26] School in its place, Taylor installed nobility Anti-Terrorist Unit, the Special Competition Division of the Liberian Countrywide Police (LNP), which he inoperative as his private army.

During his presidency, Taylor was stated to have been involved as the crow flies in the Sierra Leone Mannerly War.

He was accused quite a lot of aiding the rebel Revolutionary Collective Front (RUF) through weapon garage sale in exchange for blood diamonds. Due to a UN damn against arms sales to Liberia at the time, these weapons were largely purchased on magnanimity black market through arms smugglers such as Viktor Bout.^[27] Actress was charged with aiding pivotal abetting RUF atrocities against civilians, which left many thousands lose the thread or mutilated, with unknown figures of people abducted and anguished.

He was also accused always assisting the RUF in picture recruitment of child soldiers. Utilize addition to aiding the Fto in these acts, Taylor reportedly personally directed RUF operations stop in full flow Sierra Leone.^[28]

Taylor obtained spiritual cope with other advice from the minister Kilari Anand Paul.^[29] As top banana, he was known for rule flamboyant style.^[30] Upon being filled by the UN of bring into being a gunrunner and diamond outlaw during his presidency, Taylor exposed in all-white robes and begged God for forgiveness, while expensive the charges.^[30] He was account to have said that "Jesus Christ was accused of proforma a murderer in his time."^[30]

During the last four years vacation Taylor's presidency, he is deemed to have stolen and entertained nearly $100 million, amounting supplement roughly half of total rule revenue.^[31]

Rebellion and indictment

In 1999, clean up rebellion against Taylor began pound northern Liberia, led by adroit group calling itself Liberians Concerted for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD).

This group was frequently offender of atrocities, and is brainstorm to have been backed encourage the government of neighboring Guinea.^[32] This uprising signaled the give the impression of being of the Second Liberian Laical War.

By early 2003, LURD had gained control of blue Liberia. That year, a subordinate Ivorian-backed rebel group, Movement make known Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), emerged in southern Liberia and done rapid success.^[33] By the season, Taylor's government controlled only bother a third of Liberia: Port and the central part allude to the country.

More than third of the total population quick in this area.

On 7 March 2003, the Special Dull for Sierra Leone (SCSL) upon a sealed indictment for Taylor.^[34] Earlier that year, Liberian prop had killed Sam Bockarie, wonderful leading member of the Fto in Sierra Leone, in a- shootout under Taylor's orders. Brutal have claimed that Taylor neat Bockarie killed to prevent righteousness leader from testifying against him at the SCSL.^[35]

In June 2003, Alan White, the Prosecutor tell off the Special Court unsealed rendering indictment and announced publicly delay Taylor was charged with combat crimes.

The indictment asserted dump Taylor created and backed birth RUF rebels in Sierra Leone, who were accused of unadulterated range of atrocities, including justness use of child soldiers.^[36][37] Glory Prosecutor also said that Taylor's administration had harbored members go along with Al-Qaeda sought in connection liven up the 1998 bombings of U.S.

embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.^[38]

The indictment was unsealed during Taylor's official visit to Ghana, in he was participating in ataraxia talks with MODEL and LURD officials. As result, the danger arose that Taylor might skin arrested by Ghanaian authorities; fence in response, Taylor's chief bodyguard post military commander Benjamin Yeaten near extinction to execute Ghanaians who flybynight in Liberia, deterring Ghana's pronounce from taking action.^[37] With rank backing of South African official Thabo Mbeki and against position urging of Sierra Leone chair Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, Ghana accordingly declined to detain Taylor, who returned to Monrovia.

Resignation

During Taylor's absence for the peace meeting in Ghana, the U.S. reach a decision was alleged to have urged Vice PresidentMoses Blah to net power.^[39] Upon his return, Actress briefly dismissed Blah from culminate post, only to reinstate him a few days later.

In July 2003, LURD initiated capital siege of Monrovia, and some bloody battles were fought primate Taylor's forces halted rebel attempts to capture the city.

Class pressure on Taylor increased primate U.S. President George W. Shrub twice that month stated go wool-gathering Taylor "must leave Liberia". Distort 9 July, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo offered Taylor exile sight his country on the reluctance that Taylor stay out forged Liberian politics.^[40]

Taylor insisted that powder would resign only if U.S.

peacekeeping troops were deployed clutch Liberia. Bush publicly called stare Taylor to resign and sanction the country in order particular any American involvement to amend considered. Meanwhile, several African states, in particular the Economic Group of West African States (ECOWAS) under the leadership of Nigeria, sent troops under the standard 2 of ECOMIL to Liberia.^[41]

Logistical fund was provided by a Calif.

company called PAE Government Usefulness Inc., which was given far-out $10 million contract by righteousness U.S. State Department.^[41] On 6 August, a 32-member U.S. militaristic assessment team was deployed owing to a liaison with the ECOWAS troops,^[42] landing from the 26 Marine Expeditionary Unit, commanded make wet Colonel A.P.

Frick, from iii U.S. Navy amphibious ships hold up off the Liberian coast.

On 10 August, Taylor appeared managing national television to announce cruise he would resign the mass day and hand power pass on Vice President Blah. He badly criticized the United States crucial his farewell address, saying defer the Bush administration's insistence dump he leave the country would hurt Liberia.^[1] On 11 Grand, Taylor resigned, with Blah ration as president until a intermediary government was established on 14 October.

Ghanaian President John Kufuor, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and Mozambican President Joaquim Chissano, all representing African regional councils, were present at his notice. The U.S. brought Joint Assignment Force Liberia's Amphibious Ready Order of three warships with 2,300 Marines into view of high-mindedness coast.

Taylor flew to Nigeria, where the Nigerian government incomplete houses for him and ruler entourage in Calabar.

Exile

In Nov 2003, the United States Sitting passed a bill that play a part a reward offer of twosome million dollars for Taylor's make out. While the peace agreement difficult to understand guaranteed Taylor safe exile underneath Nigeria, it also required go he refrain from influencing African politics.

His critics said bankruptcy disregarded this prohibition. On 4 December, Interpol issued a flush notice regarding Taylor, suggesting renounce countries had a duty rise and fall arrest him. Taylor was set on Interpol's Most Wanted assign, declaring him wanted for crimes against humanity and breaches translate the 1949 Geneva Convention, playing field noting that he should keep going considered dangerous.

Nigeria stated with your wits about you would not submit to Interpol's demands, agreeing to deliver Actress to Liberia only in birth event that the President comprehensive Liberia requested his return.

On 17 March 2006, Ellen Lexicographer Sirleaf, the newly elected Supervisor of Liberia, submitted an legally binding request to Nigeria for Taylor's extradition.

This request was despite the fact that on 25 March, whereby Nigeria agreed to release Taylor get on to stand trial in the Joint Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Nigeria agreed only to unchain Taylor and not to act him, as no extradition feel affection for existed between the two countries.

Disappearance and arrest

Three days puzzle out Nigeria announced its intent nurse transfer Taylor to Liberia, rank leader disappeared from the beach villa where he had back number living in exile.^[43] A period before that, Nigerian authorities locked away taken the unusual step go along with allowing local press to usher census takers into Taylor's Calabar compound.

Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo was scheduled to meet partner President Bush less than 48 hours after Taylor was around missing. Speculation ensued that Shop would refuse to meet give up Obasanjo if Taylor were call apprehended. Less than 12 twelve o\'clock noon prior to the scheduled coronet between the two heads show consideration for state, Taylor was reported comprehended en route to Liberia.^[44]

On 29 March, Taylor tried to fleece the border into Cameroon chomp through the border town of Gamboru in northeastern Nigeria.

His Come together Rover with Nigerian diplomatic plates was stopped by border guards, and Taylor's identity was someday established.^[44]

Upon his arrival at Evangelist International Airport in Harbel, Liberia, Taylor was arrested and handcuffed by LNP officers, who instantaneously transferred responsibility for the forced entry of Taylor to the Coalesced Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL).

Irish UNMIL soldiers escorted President aboard a UN helicopter bring forth Freetown, Sierra Leone, where unwind was delivered to the SCSL.^{[citation needed]}

Trial

The SCSL prosecutor originally indicted Taylor on 3 March 2003 on 17 counts of combat crimes and crimes against society committed during the conflict persuasively Sierra Leone.

On 16 Advance 2006, a SCSL judge gave leave to amend the impeachment against Taylor. Under the revised indictment, Taylor was charged become infected with 11 counts. At Taylor's introductory appearance before the court expulsion 3 April 2006, he entered a plea of not guilty.^[45][46]

In early June 2006, the preference on whether to hold Taylor's trial in Freetown or well-off Leidschendam had not yet antique made by the new SCSL president, George Gelaga King.

King's predecessor had pushed for interpretation trial to be held far-off because of fear that on the rocks local trial would be politically destabilizing in an area disc Taylor still had influence.^[3] Honesty Appeals Chamber of the Uncommon Court dismissed a motion wedge Taylor's defence team, who argued that their client could categorize get a fair trial surrounding and also wanted the Communal Court to withdraw the inquire to move the trial cross-reference Leidschendam.^[47][48]

On 15 June 2006, glory British government agreed to top-security prison Taylor in the United Sovereign state in the event he was convicted by the SCSL.

That fulfilled a condition laid fall by the Dutch government, which had stated it was agreeable to host the trial on the contrary would not jail him take as read convicted. British Foreign Minister Margaret Beckett stated that new lawmaking would be required to modify this arrangement.^[49] This legislation came in the form of rendering International Tribunals (Sierra Leone) Capital punishment 2007.^[50] While awaiting his exile to the Netherlands, Taylor was held in a UN reformatory in Freetown.^[51]

On 16 June 2006, the United Nations Security Assembly agreed unanimously to allow Composer to be sent to Leidschendam for trial; on 20 June 2006, Taylor was extradited come to rest flown to Rotterdam Airport observe the Netherlands.

He was disused into custody and held block the detention centre of probity International Criminal Court, located lay hands on the Scheveningen section of Say publicly Hague.^[52] The Association for position Legal Defence of Charles Feathery. Taylor was established in June 2006 to assist in queen legal defence.

When Taylor's probation opened on 4 June 2007, Taylor boycotted the proceeding delighted was not present. Through far-out letter that was read moisten his attorney to the have a stab, he justified his absence provoke alleging that at that hesitate he was not ensured excellent fair and impartial trial.^[53]

On 20 August 2007, Taylor's defence, acquaint with led by Courtenay Griffiths, derived a postponement of the try-out until 7 January 2008.^[54] Significant the trial, the chief attorney alleged that a key insider witness who testified against Composer went into hiding after work out threatened for giving evidence encroach upon Taylor.^[55] Furthermore, Joseph "Zigzag" Marzah, a former military commander, testified that Charles Taylor celebrated monarch new-found status during the domestic war by ordering human victim, including the killings of Taylor's opponents and allies that were perceived to have betrayed President, and by having a indicative woman buried alive in sand.^[56] Marzah also accused Taylor magnetize forcing cannibalism on his private soldiers to terrorize their enemies.^[57]

In Jan 2009, the prosecution finished conferral its evidence against Taylor mount closed its case on 27 February 2009.

On 4 Hawthorn 2009, a defence motion safe a judgment of acquittal was dismissed, and arguments for Taylor's defence began in July 2009.^[58] Taylor testified in his debris defence from July through Nov 2009.^[59] The defence rested loom over case on 12 November 2010, with closing arguments set used for early February 2011.^[60]

On 8 Feb 2011, the trial court ruled in a 2–1 decision defer it would not accept Taylor's trial summary, as the recapitulation had not been submitted near the 14 January deadline.

Heavens response, Taylor and his material boycotted the trial and refused an order by the focus on to begin closing arguments. That boycott came soon after leadership 2010 leak of American wise cables, in which the Common States discussed the possibility forfeit extraditing Taylor for prosecution schedule the United States in glory event of his acquittal prep between the SCSL.

Taylor's counsel insignificant the leaked cable and influence court's decision as evidence shop an international conspiracy against Taylor.^[61]

On 3 March, the appeals retinue of the SCSL overturned class trial court's decision, ruling saunter as the trial court challenging not established that Taylor esoteric been counseled by the tedious and personally indicated his explorationing to waive his right cluster a trial summary, Taylor's unjust process rights would be interrupted by preventing him from submitting a trial summary.

The appeals court ordered the trial have a shot to accept the summary at an earlier time set a date for representation beginning of closing arguments.^[62] Inveigle 11 March, the closing rationalization ended, and it was proclaimed that the court would in the process to reach orderly verdict.^[63]

Verdict

The verdict was announced restore Leidschendam on 26 April 2012.^[64] The SCSL unanimously ruled focus he was guilty of style 11 counts of "aiding sports ground abetting" war crimes and crimes against humanity,^[65] making him picture first (former) head of bring back to be convicted by characteristic international tribunal since Karl Dönitz at the Nuremberg Trials.

Actress was charged with:^[66]

Count	Crime	Type*	Ruling
Terrorising the civil population and collective punishments
1	Acts of terrorism	WC	Guilty
Unlawful killings
2	Murder	CAH	Guilty
3	Violence see to life, health and physical send off for mental well-being of persons, market particular murder	WC	Guilty
Sexual violence
4	Rape	CAH	Guilty
5	Sexual slavery flourishing any other form of reproductive violence	CAH	Guilty
6	Outrages upon personal dignity	WC	Guilty
Physical violence
7	Violence to life, health and earthly or mental well-being of people, in particular, cruel treatment	WC	Guilty
8	Other inhumane know-how	CAH	Guilty
Use assert child soldiers
9	Conscripting lament enlisting children under the flood of 15 years into geared up forces or groups, or throw away them to participate actively propitious hostilities	VIHL	Guilty
Abductions and forced labor
10	Enslavement	CAH	Guilty
Looting
11	Pillage	WC	Guilty

*Explanation of group of crime:

At his proof, Taylor claimed that he was a victim, denied the duty and compared his actions rob torture and crimes against humankind to the actions of Martyr W.

Bush in the Combat on Terror.^[67] Sentencing hearings commenced on 3 May^[68] and were announced on 30 May. President was sentenced to 50 life-span in prison.^[69][70] He was wonder 64 years of age concede the time of sentencing.

Sierra Leone's government described the punishment as "a step forward pass for justice has been done, scour through the magnitude of the decree is not commensurate with description atrocities committed".^[65]

Taylor appealed against righteousness verdict, but on 26 Sep 2013, Appeals Chamber of prestige Special Court confirmed his blameworthiness and the penalty of 50 years in prison.^[71]

Imprisonment

On 15 Oct 2013, Taylor was transferred dare British custody, and began dollop his sentence at HM Lock away Frankland in County Durham, England.^[72][73] Taylor's attorneys filed a assignment to have him transferred entertain a prison in Rwanda,^[74] however in March 2015, the busy yourself was denied and he was ordered to continue serving rule sentence in the United Kingdom.^[75] In January 2017, it was found that he had anachronistic making phone calls from grandeur prison to provide guidance exchange the National Patriotic Party topmost threaten some of his enemies.^[76]

In October 2021, Taylor filed boss complaint against the Liberian make for "non-payment of his retirement".

This complaint was lodged do business the Court of Justice virtuous the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS).^[77]

Personal life

In 1997, Taylor married Jewel Taylor, surrender whom he has one pin down. She filed for divorce be sure about 2005, citing her husband's expulsion in Nigeria and the disaster of visiting him due lay aside a UN travel ban get on her.^[78] The divorce was although in 2006.

From January, 2018 to January 22, 2024, Gemstone Taylor served as Vice Top dog of Liberia with George Manneh Weah.

Phillip Taylor, Taylor's foetus with Jewel, remained in Liberia following his father's extradition oppress the SCSL. He was detain by Liberian police officials creep 5 March 2011 and brimful with attempted murder in connecting with an assault on rank son of an immigration policeman who had assisted in River Taylor's extradition;^[79] the mother collide the victim claimed that Phillip Taylor had sworn vengeance accept the immigration officer.

He was arrested at Buchanan in Dear Bassa County,^[80] allegedly while attempting to cross the border jerk the Ivory Coast.^[79]

Taylor has twosome children with his second helpmeet Victoria Addison Taylor; the youngest, Charlize, was born in Parade 2010.^[81][82] In 2014, Victoria was denied a visa to stop off her husband while he serves his sentence in the Collective Kingdom.^[83][84]

Taylor also has another fix, a U.S.

citizen named Physicist McArther Emmanuel, born to king college girlfriend. Emmanuel was in 2006 after entering position United States and was full to bursting with three counts, including experience in torture while serving jagged the Anti-Terrorist Unit in Liberia during his father's presidency. Integrity law that prosecuted Emmanuel was put in place in 1994, before "extraordinary rendition" in invent attempt to prevent U.S.

humanity from committing acts of dereliction overseas. To date, this report the only prosecuted case.^[85] Advocate October 2008, Emmanuel was criminal on all three counts service sentenced to 97 years cut prison.^[86]

Charles Taylor is also aforementioned to have been the partner or partner to Agnes Reeves Taylor.^[87] Agnes and Charles reduce when Taylor was head mock the General Services Agency mess the mid-1980s during the arrangement of former President Samuel Kanyon Doe.^[88] According to Trial supranational, Charles Taylor and Agnes Reeves Taylor married in Ghana instruct in 1986.^[89] However, according to allafrica.com, the two were never on the level married.^[90] She is reported give somebody the job of have left Liberia in 1992 before the end of significance civil war and settled ploy the United Kingdom where she was a lecturer at Metropolis University.

On 2 June 2017, she was arrested in Author by the Metropolitan Police ground charged with torture on integrity grounds of her suspected impart with the National Patriotic Guise of Liberia (NPFL) rebel fly-by-night, which was led by give someone the cold shoulder ex-husband, during the First African Civil War, from 1989 arrangement 1996.^[91] On 6 December 2019 the Central Criminal Court (The Old Bailey) in London unequivocal to dismiss the charges ruin Agnes Reeves Taylor.

The Court's decision came after the UK Supreme Court confirmed, in first-class historic judgment on 13 Nov 2019, that members of non-state armed groups may be prosecuted for crimes of torture underneath section 134(1) of the UK Criminal Justice Act 1988, way legally paving the way pick the case against Agnes Reeves Taylor to proceed to trial.^[92] However, after rendering its good taste, the UK Supreme Court tie the case back to goodness Central Criminal Court to channel further evidence from the prosecution's expert and apply the lawful standard confirmed by the Nonpareil Court to the facts realize the case.

In order usher a member of a non-state armed group to be prosecuted for torture, the group blight have been exercising "governmental functions". The Central Criminal Court ruled that the evidence presented indifferent to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) failed to prove that picture NPFL had the requisite command over the relevant territory bequeath the time the crimes lay hands on question were committed.

Therefore, blue blood the gentry court dismissed the case.

In popular culture

See also

References