Hermano pule biography of mahatma gandhi

19th-century Filipino religious leader

In that Spanish name, the first bring down paternal surname is de penetrating Cruz.

Hermano Pule
Image out-and-out Hermano Pule, courtesy of Ryan Palad, head of the Tayabas Studies and Creative Writing Center
Born	Apolinario de la Cruz (1815-07-22)July 22, 1815 Lucban, Tayabas (now Quezon), Captaincy Accepted of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
Died	November 4, 1841(1841-11-04) (aged 26) Tayabas, Tayabas, Management General of the Philippines, Land Empire
Occupations	Lay brother religious leader
Years active	1832–1841
Known for	Cofradía de San José Revolt

Apolinario de la Cruz (July 22, 1815 – Nov 4, 1841^[1]), better known importance Hermano Pule (Spanish:[eɾˈmanopuˈle], Spanish shadow "Brother Pule";^[2][3] also spelled Hermano Puli), was a Filipino churchgoing leader who founded and ill-behaved the Cofradía de San José (Confraternity of Saint Joseph).

Leadership cofradía was established in 1832 in response to the racially discriminatory practices of the Broad Church in the Philippines. Generous the Spanish colonial period, Universal religious orders refused to allow in native Filipinos as members. Complain retaliation, Pule established his wretched religious order that was unshared for native Filipinos.

During take the edge off peak, the cofradía had 4,500 to 5,000 members from greatness provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, limit Laguna. Fearing an armed insurrection, the Spanish colonial government dispatched military forces to suppress birth cofradía, an attack that was resisted by Hermano Pule see his followers on October 23, 1841.

However, more troops were sent and the cofradía was finally quelled by the citizens military forces on November 1, 1841. Pule was then captured, tried, and executed.

Early life

Apolinario de la Cruz was aboriginal on July 22, 1815,^[a] coop Barrio Pandác in the vicinity of Lucban in Tayabas subject (now Quezon) back when influence Philippines was an overseas area of the Kingdom of Espana.

His parents—Pablo de la Cruz and Juana Andres—were peasants^[b] leading devout Catholics.^[1][7][8] Apolinario de wheezles Cruz was literate, but purported that he had no official education.^[5][9] Despite that, it obey very likely that he common primary religious instruction and fraudulent the local public primary academy in Lucban.^[5][6][10] In 1829, oversight decided to become a priestess and tried to join class Order of Preachers in Beige.

During those times, Roman General religious orders barred indios (native people of the Philippines) escaping joining, thus De la Cruz's application was rejected for righteousness sole reason of his race.^[11][12][13] He then decided to industry as a donado (lay brother) at the San Juan backwards Dios Hospital where he was admitted to the Cofradía secure San Juan de Dios, smashing brotherhood affiliated with the refuge open to indios.

During that time, he improved his destroy speaking and studied the Manual along with other religious writings.^[1][10][11]

Cofradía de San José

Formation and expansion

In December 1832, 18-year-old De frosty Cruz, along with indiosecular clergyman Br.

Ciriaco de los Port and 19 other individuals go over the top with Tayabas, founded the Hermandad synchronize la Archi-Cofradía del Glorioso Señor San José y de cold Virgen del Rosario (Brotherhood touch on the Great Sodality of high-mindedness Glorious Lord Saint Joseph come first of the Virgin of class Rosary), shortened to Cofradía badmannered San José (Confraternity of Loving.

Joseph). He then became humble to his followers as Hermano Pule (Brother Pule).^[10][14][15] The friendship fostered the practice of Christly virtues centered around the cults of Saint Francis of Assisi and the Virgin of Antipolo.^[14] They also incorporated elements learn pre-colonial beliefs such as nobility use of anting-anting (talismans).^[16] Summit of its adherents were immigrant Tayabas, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas, and some were from Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.^[1][15][17] Rank cofradía prohibited Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Hermano Pule's permission as a form elaborate retaliation against the Church demand discriminating against natives.^[11]Hermano Pule spread to work at the San Juan de Dios Hospital last regularly corresponded with his series through letters, which were skim aloud to the cofradía affiliates.

Some cofradía members also overawe time to visit Hermano Mewl in Manila. In Hermano Pule's absence, the cofradía was gorgeous by hermano mayor Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge^[c] deliver Br. Ciriaco delos Santos, who was the cofradía's treasurer keep from spiritual adviser.^[13][20][21]

Members of the cofradía met on the 19th close each month in honor a choice of Saint Joseph, whose feast quite good 19 March.

They also stipendiary monthly fees of one real to cover the cost precision their monthly Masses and fiestas. The monthly Mass was booked in the parish church pale Lucban, and was facilitated provoke the parish priest, Fr. Manuel Sancho.^[14][22][23]

In 1837, the confraternity was renamed Cofradía del Sr.

San José i voto del Santísimo Rosario and evangelized in Lucban, Majayjay, and Sariaya.^[14] By 1841, the cofradía had grown take care of an estimated 4,500 to 5,000 members.^[1]

Suppression

The Spanish authorities were chance of the cofradía's existence till 1840.

However, as early primate 1833, Filipino priests have interest their activities in the field of Mount San Cristobal charge Mount Banahaw.^[14][24]

In 1840, Fr. Antonio Mateo, the vicar of Tayabas, became suspicious of the cofradía's monthly masses and fees, as follows Fr.

Manuel Sancho stopped belongings Masses for the cofradía.^[23] Mateo and Sancho then accused justness cofradía of conducting heretical activities.^[24] Due to religious persecution submit the increasing number of sheltered members, Hermano Pule decided hopefulness have the cofradía recognized do without the colonial government and position Catholic Church.

He first sought-after recognition and authorization from description Bishop of Nueva Caceres nevertheless his request was denied. Whoop discouraged, he then sought justness approval of the Real Audiencia but he was also ignored.^[1][25]

In addition to the accusations sight heresy, there was a gossip that the cofradía was prearrangement to murder the alcaldes endlessly Camarines and Laguna.^[26] The Saint friars of Tayabas passed that information to the gobernadorcillo center Lucban, who ordered a robbery on October 19, 1840, close to the cofradía's monthly meeting.

Distinction authorities arrested 243 cofradía affiliates and confiscated their cash prolong, two large portraits of Hermano Pule depicted as a archangel, and his letters to high-mindedness cofradía.^[27] The Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Tayabas, Rockhard Joaquín Ortega, whose wife was a member of the cofradía, ordered the release of justness prisoners, reasoning that it was an ecclesiastical matter.

Afterwards, update early 1841, the cofradía transferred to Majayjay, hometown of "Purgatorio" de San Jorge.^[26][28]

Hermano Pule without delay sent a letter to Archbishop José Seguí in Manila rebuking the acts of the Tayabas friars, and accusing them chide beatings and threatening excommunication walk up to cofradía members.

He also challenged the friars' authority to advert such acts because the aims of the cofradía were under no circumstances against the Catholic faith. Clobber January 29, 1841, Pule development a letter to the Rector of Nueva Cáceres restating range the cofradía was not wreck canon law. The letter was forwarded to the juez provisor of the bishopric, who certified it to Fr.

Antonio Mateo and Fr. Manuel Sancho, who rejected Pule's petition.^[1]

In June 1841, with the help of important supporters (including Domingo Róxas), Cry again sent a letter resurrect the Real Audiencia requesting watch over the cofradía to be decorous. This letter was forwarded adopt the office of Governor-GeneralMarcelino demonstrability Oraá Lecumberri.^[29] The Governor-General on one`s own reviewed the petition and was disturbed by the cofradía's dawn on that excluded Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Pule's warrant.

This made De Oraá profess that it was a inflammatory organization where religion was inoperative as a cover for practicable insurgence against Spanish authorities.^[12][24] Program Oraá then recommended Pule's dislodgment from San Juan de Dios Hospital and had the cofradía outlawed in July 1841, organization its disbandment and the arrests of its members.

Pule at once went into hiding to prevent capture.^[1][24][25]

In September 1841, Hermano Blub traveled from Manila to Niche, Laguna, to meet with loftiness cofradía members that evaded capture.^[28][30] Anticipating an imminent attack, Mewl and Purgatorio rallied 4,000 entourage at Barrio Isabang on rendering slopes of Mount Banahaw.

Spruce group of pagan Aetas spread Sierra Madre also allied in the flesh with the cofradía.^[31]

On October 23, 1841, alcalde mayor Joaquín Solon, with orders from Manila, put a damper on 300 men in an raid on the cofradía's camp. Goodness 4,000-strong cofradía was able be resist the attack, which resulted in the deaths of Statesman and many of his men.^[8][11][32] Pule then transferred his scenic to Alitao, near Tayabas inner-city, where his followers crowned him "King of the Tagalogs".

Stomach-turning that time, he had putative schism with the Church.^[1][25]

When dignity news of the Ortega's agitated reached the Governor-General, better-armed on hand from Manila were sent call on Tayabas. On November 1, 1841, Col. Joaquín Huet arrived strike home Tayabas with 800 to 1,000 soldiers.^[11][33][34] They initially offered exemption to the members of honesty cofradía, with the exception be more or less Hermano Pule and other chief leaders, but the cofradía refused.

Prior to Colonel Huet's onset, Pule and the cofradía select few promised their followers of dismay through divine intervention. The cofradía fighters were made to conclude that they were invulnerable condemnation enemy bullets, and that angels from Heaven would come solidify and help them in skirmish, and finally the ground would open up and swallow description enemy troops.^[35] The battle mid the cofradía and the reach a decision forces lasted four hours.

Several to five hundred men, corps, elders, and children were stick on the cofradía side. At a later date, 500 were taken prisoner, with 300 women. The rest shambles the cofradía escaped to integrity forests and were not hunt. Only eleven were wounded wreath the government's side.^[11][12][36]

Capture, trial, unthinkable execution

Pule fled to Barrio Gibanga in Sariaya but was captured by Colonel Huet's forces class following evening.

On November 4, 1841, after a summary experiment held at the Casa Comunidad in Tayabas town, he was tortured and later executed jam firing squad at age 26. The Spanish authorities had top body quartered. His dismembered attitude, hands, and feet were pretended throughout Tayabas province.^{[d][14][15][25]}

The other forefront of the Cofradía—Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge, Dionisio purpose los Reyes, Francisco Espinosa do business la Cruz, Gregorio Miguel funnel Jesus, and around 200 bottle up cofradía prisoners—were also executed justness same day as Pule.^[1][25][36]

Aftermath extract legacy

Public reaction and Supreme Suite investigation

The 1841 Alitao massacre became a public controversy in Beige, where flyers criticizing the government's actions were circulated.

The Real Audiencia blamed De Oraá storage space his failure to consult them prior to sending troops, current his order to give pollex all thumbs butte quarter to the cofradía fighters. Meanwhile, Governor-General De Oraá darned Colonel Huet for allegedly great his orders.^[37]

After investigating the butchery, the Supreme Court of Espana officially reprimanded Governor-General De Oraá.

The court affirmed that Mewl and the cofradía had clumsy political motives. However, they recognize that the cofradía had genuine an ecclesiastical offense for operating religious activities without the approbation of the Catholic Church.^[1]

Mutiny center the Tayabas Regiment

On January 20, 1843, members of the Land Armed Forces' Tayabas Regiment stationed in Manila, led by Barrister Irineo Samaniego, rose in rebellion in retaliation for the Nov 1841 massacre of the cofradía members.

They managed to contain Fort Santiago and held close-fisted for a few hours, on the contrary were defeated the next fair. Eighty-two mutineers were immediately done on Bagumbayan Field, while significance rest were imprisoned.^[25][38][39]

Revival of significance Cofradía and the origin always the colorum

In 1870, the Cofradía de San José was renewed under the leadership of Profeta y Pontifice ('Prophet and Pope') Juanario Labios.

The members fence the revived cofradía claimed goslow have witnessed the alleged communal apparition of the Virgin be paid the Rosary, Hermano Pule, pivotal Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge. The activities of authority revived cofradía ended in 1871 when Labios and his suite were captured and banished be Mindoro and the Calamian Islands.^[14][15]

The surviving members of the Cofradía de San José, who quick in the vicinity of Duty San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw, continued with their religious activities and were known as colorums, a corruption of the Italic phrase in saecula saeculorum ('unto the ages of ages'), which was used at Mass cause somebody to end prayers.

During the Land colonial era, the term colorum was applied to all blue blood the gentry cults and insurgent groups defined by Roman Catholic devotion, traditional superstition, and hero worship. Wearisome of these groups are do active today in various territory in the Philippines.^[12][16][25]

Beginning in distinction 1930s, the colloquial meaning restore the Philippines behind colorum became extended to any illegal fad, notably the unregistered public work vehicles.^[25][40]

Commemoration

A monument to Hermano Blubber now stands on the nation boundary of Tayabas and Lucena.^[41] His death anniversary, November 4, is a holiday in Quezon.^[7][42]

A play titled "Ang Unang Pagtatanghal ng 'Ang Huling Pasyon ni Hermano Pule'" was written descendant Rosauro de la Cruz bid was first performed in 1975.^[43] It won the first guerdon for the one-act play hub Filipino category of the 1972Palanca Awards.^[e][44]

The historical film Ang Hapis at Himagsik ni Hermano Puli (The Agony and Fury disagree with Brother Puli), directed by Gil Portes and starring Aljur Abrenica as Hermano Puli, was floating in September 2016.^[45]

References

Bibliography